Mental Disorder and Effective Treatment Methods

â€Å"Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors† (qtd. in Gulli and Rosick 1). Many people are confused or misinformed on this mental illness. 85 percent of Americans are aware of Schizophrenia, however, only 24 percent actually understand what this disorder is (Tartakovsky 1). Awareness and knowledge on Schizophrenia can help lead to public acceptance. While this disorder is currently incurable, an increase in national funding can help researchers to find more effective treatment methods for those diagnosed.It will always be difficult for those who are mentally well to even remotely understand what it is like to live with Schizophrenia (Frith and Jonestone 2). Schizophrenics may hear false voices, believe others are reading their minds, controlling their actions, or are plotting to harm them (â€Å"What is Schizophrenia? † 2). Rebecca Stancil, age nine, suffers from Paranoid Schizophrenia. Her experiences with t he disorder are as follows:[She] has been haunted by images of wolves, men with monster faces, and shadows and shapes that scamper around a darkened room at night since she was three years old. Her hallucinations have driven her to act violently toward her mother, Cinnamon Stancil. She’s pulled knives on her before, hit her with whatever random things she can get, grabbed the lid off the back of the toilet seat and come after her with that†¦ One of Rebecca’s recurring hallucinations is â€Å"the man,† a six foot vision that can be a friend or a foe.He follows her everywhere†¦ But sometimes he does more than watch Rebecca. She sees him, and he’s putting a gun to her head telling her she has to run away†¦ In November 2008, to quell voices in her head, Rebecca tried to kill herself by slitting her wrists with a hairclip†¦ Stancil took Rebecca to a private doctor, who suggested trying a new psychotic drug, Saphris. Since she began taking t he new medication, Rebecca’s hallucinations and disposition have improved (Schadler, Weinraub, and Stohler).This mental disorder does not discriminate by race, culture, social status, or gender. Approximately one person out of every one hundred people worldwide suffers from Schizophrenia (Smith and Segal 3). While the exact cause is unknown, researchers have concluded that a combination of biological and environmental factors trigger the disorder. People with Schizophrenia are more likely to have family members with Schizophrenia than those who are not mentally ill.For those who are not diagnosed with this mental disorder, the likelihood that they will have a family member with Schizophrenia is less than one percent, while there is about a ten percent chance that relatives of those with Schizophrenia have also been diagnosed with the disorder (Veague 42). Schizophrenia, like heart disease and diabetes, is not curable. However, it can be managed and the symptoms can be reduced with the correct treatment (Tartakovsky 2). Brain disorders are legitimate medical illnesses. They can be treated with certain medications (Veague 94).Antipsychotic medication decreases psychological symptoms. Although medication affects people differently, most patients can see improvement anywhere from a few days to months after beginning their dosage (Smith and Segal 3). Taking medication is not the only answer to improve a person’s life with Schizophrenia. Rehabilitation can improve social skills and teach those who are diagnosed important job skills to help them build a better future. It can also improve communication and cognitive thinking skills (â€Å"What is Schizophrenia† 10).Along with taking medication and going to a rehabilitation center, a healthy and active lifestyle can aid in improvement. Those diagnosed with Schizophrenia should manage their stress, get enough sleep, avoid alcohol and drugs, and get plenty of exercise to help reduce negative symptoms . Supportive therapy is another great method to help patients fight delusional beliefs, ignore voices in their heads, and motivate them to live a normal life (Smith and Segal 4). Schizophrenics can live a successful live by getting the help they need.Schizophrenia affects a lot of people and causes great suffering. Treatment is very costly to the state and those diagnosed. The cause is still unknown and a completely effective treatment method has not been developed (Frith and Jonestone 168-169). Further research in genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science will assist researchers to find the exact cause of Schizophrenia and how to prevent it (â€Å"What is Schizophrenia? †). Research can also help answer important questions such as: â€Å"what is the nature of reality? † and â€Å"To what extent are we responsible for our own actions?†These answers can help scientists to better understand mental illnesses (Frith and Jonestone 169). The budget of the Nationa l Institute of Mental Health has been raised from $230 million to $1. 4 billion. However, the economy and other areas of spending are causing cuts in federal funds. Also, only a small percentage of the National Institute of Mental Health’s budget is used directly for Schizophrenia research. The fraction of the budget used for Schizophrenia research is too small, given the importance, severity, and cost of Schizophrenic research needed.Advocates could help by gathering attention of Congress (Haycock 1-2). Families and individuals affected by Schizophrenia are encouraged to participate in future research to find new and better treatment options. Being diagnosed with Schizophrenia does not mean that the person’s life is ruined. With new research, these people can lead a more normal, fulfilling life. All in all, Schizophrenia is a disorder that changes the life of someone affected by it forever. Whether it be the person diagnosed, or their close family and friends, everyon e takes a toll.The many misconceptions of the disorder have caused those who are diagnosed with Schizophrenia to become outcasts and to be looked upon as someone with a problem that they should be able to fix. While Schizophrenia is a very serious issue, it is not something that a person can just fix on their own. A person with a mental illness can be compared to someone with a physical disease, such as diabetes. A person with diabetes will live with the disorder their entire life and there is absolutely nothing that the person can do by simply wishing that they did not have the disorder.Public knowledge on mental illness is very slim. With more funding from the national government, this confusion can be put to an end. By informing people on the disorder and helping them to understand what Schizophrenia actually is, those who have Schizophrenia will be better understood and more people will accept their behavior. Also, with more research, treatment will be improved and perfected to help Schizophrenics. With more funding, scientists can get closer to discovering the cause of the disorder and how to prevent it. Then, they can get closer to finding a cure.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventy-two

Daenerys The land was red and dead and parched, and good wood was hard to come by. Her foragers returned with gnarled cottonwoods, purple brush, sheaves of brown grass. They took the two straightest trees, hacked the limbs and branches from them, skinned off their bark, and split them, laying the logs in a square. Its center they filled with straw, brush, bark shavings, and bundles of dry grass. Rakharo chose a stallion from the small herd that remained to them; he was not the equal of Khal Drogo's red, but few horses were. In the center of the square, Aggo fed him a withered apple and dropped him in an instant with an axe blow between the eyes. Bound hand and foot, Mirri Maz Duur watched from the dust with disquiet in her black eyes. â€Å"It is not enough to kill a horse,† she told Dany. â€Å"By itself, the blood is nothing. You do not have the words to make a spell, nor the wisdom to find them. Do you think bloodmagic is a game for children? You call me maegi as if it were a curse, but all it means is wise. You are a child, with a child's ignorance. Whatever you mean to do, it will not work. Loose me from these bonds and I will help you.† â€Å"I am tired of the maegi's braying,† Dany told Jhogo. He took his whip to her, and after that the godswife kept silent. Over the carcass of the horse, they built a platform of hewn logs; trunks of smaller trees and limbs from the greater, and the thickest straightest branches they could find. They laid the wood east to west, from sunrise to sunset. On the platform they piled Khal Drogo's treasures: his great tent, his painted vests, his saddles and harness, the whip his father had given him when he came to manhood, the arakh he had used to slay Khal Ogo and his son, a mighty dragonbone bow. Aggo would have added the weapons Drogo's bloodriders had given Dany for bride gifts as well, but she forbade it. â€Å"Those are mine,† she told him, â€Å"and I mean to keep them.† Another layer of brush was piled about the khal's treasures, and bundles of dried grass scattered over them. Ser Jorah Mormont drew her aside as the sun was creeping toward its zenith. â€Å"Princess . . . † he began. â€Å"Why do you call me that?† Dany challenged him. â€Å"My brother Viserys was your king, was he not?† â€Å"He was, my lady.† â€Å"Viserys is dead. I am his heir, the last blood of House Targaryen. Whatever was his is mine now.† â€Å"My . . . queen,† Ser Jorah said, going to one knee. â€Å"My sword that was his is yours, Dacnerys. And my heart as well, that never belonged to your brother. I am only a knight, and I have nothing to offer you but exile, but I beg you, hear me. Let Khal Drogo go. You shall not be alone. I promise you, no man shall take you to Vaes Dothrak unless you wish to go. You need not join the dosh khaleen. Come east with me. Yi Ti, Qarth, the JadeSea, Asshai by the Shadow. We will see all the wonders yet unseen, and drink what wines the gods see fit to serve us. Please, Khaleesi. I know what you intend. Do not. Do not.† â€Å"I must,† Dany told him. She touched his face, fondly, sadly. â€Å"You do not understand.† â€Å"I understand that you loved him,† Ser Jorah said in a voice thick with despair. â€Å"I loved my lady wife once, yet I did not die with her. You are my queen, my sword is yours, but do not ask me to stand aside as you climb on Drogo's pyre. I will not watch you burn.† â€Å"Is that what you fear?† Dany kissed him lightly on his broad forehead. â€Å"I am not such a child as that, sweet ser.† â€Å"You do not mean to die with him? You swear it, my queen?† â€Å"I swear it,† she said in the Common Tongue of the Seven Kingdoms that by rights were hers. The third level of the platform was woven of branches no thicker than a finger, and covered with dry leaves and twigs. They laid them north to south, from ice to fire, and piled them high with soft cushions and sleeping silks. The sun had begun to lower toward the west by the time they were done. Dany called the Dothraki around her. Fewer than a hundred were left. How many had Aegon started with? she wondered. It did not matter. â€Å"You will be my khalasar,† she told them. â€Å"I see the faces of slaves. I free you. Take off your collars. Go if you wish, no one shall harm you. If you stay, it will be as brothers and sisters, husbands and wives.† The black eyes watched her, wary, expressionless. â€Å"I see the children, women, the wrinkled faces of the aged. I was a child yesterday. Today I am a woman. Tomorrow I will be old. To each of you I say, give me your hands and your hearts, and there will always be a place for you.† She turned to the three young warriors of her khas. â€Å"Jhogo, to you I give the silver-handled whip that was my bride gift, and name you ko, and ask your oath, that you will live and die as blood of my blood, riding at my side to keep me safe from harm.† Jhogo took the whip from her hands, but his face was confused. â€Å"Khaleesi, † he said hesitantly, â€Å"this is not done. It would shame me, to be bloodrider to a woman.† â€Å"Aggo,† Dany called, paying no heed to Jhogo's words. If I look back I am lost. â€Å"To you I give the dragonbone bow that was my bride gift.† It was double-curved, shiny black and exquisite, taller than she was. â€Å"I name you ko, and ask your oath, that you should live and die as blood of my blood, riding at my side to keep me safe from harm.† Aggo accepted the bow with lowered eyes. â€Å"I cannot say these words. Only a man can lead a khalasar or name a ko.† â€Å"Rakharo,† Dany said, turning away from the refusal, â€Å"you shall have the great arakh that was my bride gift, with hilt and blade chased in gold. And you too I name my ko, and ask that you live and die as blood of my blood, riding at my side to keep me safe from harm.† â€Å"You are khaleesi,† Rakharo said, taking the arakh. â€Å"I shall ride at your side to Vaes Dothrak beneath the Mother of Mountains, and keep you safe from harm until you take your place with the crones of the dosh khaleen. No more can I promise.† She nodded, as calmly as if she had not heard his answer, and turned to the last of her champions. â€Å"Ser Jorah Mormont,† she said, â€Å"first and greatest of my knights, I have no bride gift to give you, but I swear to you, one day you shall have from my hands a longsword like none the world has ever seen, dragon-forged and made of Valyrian steel. And I would ask for your oath as well.† â€Å"You have it, my queen,† Ser Jorah said, kneeling to lay his sword at her feet. â€Å"I vow to serve you, to obey you, to die for you if need be.† â€Å"Whatever may come?† â€Å"Whatever may come.† â€Å"I shall hold you to that oath. I pray you never regret the giving of it.† Dany lifted him to his feet. Stretching on her toes to reach his lips, she kissed the knight gently and said, â€Å"You are the first of my Queensguard.† She could feel the eyes of the khalasar on her as she entered her tent. The Dothraki were muttering and giving her strange sideways looks from the corners of their dark almond eyes. They thought her mad, Dany realized. Perhaps she was. She would know soon enough. If I look back I am lost. Her bath was scalding hot when Irri helped her into the tub, but Dany did not flinch or cry aloud. She liked the heat. It made her feel clean. Jhiqui had scented the water with the oils she had found in the market in Vaes Dothrak; the steam rose moist and fragrant. Doreah washed her hair and combed it out, working loose the mats and tangles. Irri scrubbed her back. Dany closed her eyes and let the smell and the warmth enfold her. She could feel the heat soaking through the soreness between her thighs. She shuddered when it entered her, and her pain and stiffness seemed to dissolve. She floated. When she was clean, her handmaids helped her from the water. Irri and Jhiqui fanned her dry, while Doreah brushed her hair until it fell like a river of liquid silver down her back. They scented her with spiceflower and cinnamon; a touch on each wrist, behind her ears, on the tips of her milk-heavy breasts. The last dab was for her sex. Irri's finger felt as light and cool as a lover's kiss as it slid softly up between her lips. Afterward, Dany sent them all away, so she might prepare Khal Drogo for his final ride into the night lands. She washed his body clean and brushed and oiled his hair, running her fingers through it for the last time, feeling the weight of it, remembering the first time she had touched it, the night of their wedding ride. His hair had never been cut. How many men could die with their hair uncut? She buried her face in it and inhaled the dark fragrance of the oils. He smelled like grass and warm earth, like smoke and semen and horses. He smelled like Drogo. Forgive me, sun of my life, she thought. Forgive me for all I have done and all I must do. I paid the price, my star, but it was too high, too high . . . Dany braided his hair and slid the silver rings onto his mustache and hung his bells one by one. So many bells, gold and silver and bronze. Bells so his enemies would hear him coming and grow weak with fear. She dressed him in horsehair leggings and high boots, buckling a belt heavy with gold and silver medallions about his waist. Over his scarred chest she slipped a painted vest, old and faded, the one Drogo had loved best. For herself she chose loose sandsilk trousers, sandals that laced halfway up her legs, and a vest like Drogo's. The sun was going down when she called them back to carry his body to the pyre. The Dothraki watched in silence as Jhogo and Aggo bore him from the tent. Dany walked behind them. They laid him down on his cushions and silks, his head toward the Mother of Mountains far to the northeast. â€Å"Oil,† she commanded, and they brought forth the jars and poured them over the pyre, soaking the silks and the brush and the bundles of dry grass, until the oil trickled from beneath the logs and the air was rich with fragrance. â€Å"Bring my eggs,† Dany commanded her handmaids. Something in her voice made them run. Ser Jorah took her arm. â€Å"My queen, Drogo will have no use for dragon's eggs in the night lands. Better to sell them in Asshai. Sell one and we can buy a ship to take us back to the Free Cities. Sell all three and you will be a wealthy woman all your days.† â€Å"They were not given to me to sell,† Dany told him. She climbed the pyre herself to place the eggs around her sun-and-stars. The black beside his heart, under his arm. The green beside his head, his braid coiled around it. The cream-and-gold down between his legs. When she kissed him for the last time, Dany could taste the sweetness of the oil on his lips. As she climbed down off the pyre, she noticed Mirri Maz Duur watching her. â€Å"You are mad,† the godswife said hoarsely. â€Å"Is it so far from madness to wisdom?† Dany asked. â€Å"Ser Jorah, take this maegi and bind her to the pyre.† â€Å"To the . . . my queen, no, hear me . . . â€Å" â€Å"Do as I say.† Still he hesitated, until her anger flared. â€Å"You swore to obey me, whatever might come. Rakharo, help him.† The godswife did not cry out as they dragged her to Khal Drogo's pyre and staked her down amidst his treasures. Dany poured the oil over the woman's head herself. â€Å"I thank you, Mirri Maz Duur,† she said, â€Å"for the lessons you have taught me.† â€Å"You will not hear me scream,† Mirri responded as the oil dripped from her hair and soaked her clothing. â€Å"I will,† Dany said, â€Å"but it is not your screams I want, only your life. I remember what you told me. Only death can pay for life.† Mirri Maz Duur opened her mouth, but made no reply. As she stepped away, Dany saw that the contempt was gone from the maegi's flat black eyes; in its place was something that might have been fear. Then there was nothing to be done but watch the sun and look for the first star. When a horselord dies, his horse is slain with him, so he might ride proud into the night lands. The bodies are burned beneath the open sky, and the khal rises on his fiery steed to take his place among the stars. The more fiercely the man burned in life, the brighter his star will shine in the darkness. Jhogo spied it first. â€Å"There,† he said in a hushed voice. Dany looked and saw it, low in the east. The first star was a comet, burning red. Bloodred; fire red; the dragon's tail. She could not have asked for a stronger sign. Dany took the torch from Aggo's hand and thrust it between the logs. The oil took the fire at once, the brush and dried grass a heartbeat later. Tiny flames went darting up the wood like swift red mice, skating over the oil and leaping from bark to branch to leaf. A rising heat puffed at her face, soft and sudden as a lover's breath, but in seconds it had grown too hot to bear. Dany stepped backward. The wood crackled, louder and louder. Mirri Maz Duur began to sing in a shrill, ululating voice. The flames whirled and writhed, racing each other up the platform. The dusk shimmered as the air itself seemed to liquefy from the heat. Dany heard logs spit and crack. The fires swept over Mirri Maz Duur. Her song grew louder, shriller . . . then she gasped, again and again, and her song became a shuddering wail, thin and high and full of agony. And now the flames reached her Drogo, and now they were all around him. His clothing took fire, and for an instant the khal was clad in wisps of floating orange silk and tendrils of curling smoke, grey and greasy. Dany's lips parted and she found herself holding her breath. Part of her wanted to go to him as Ser Jorah had feared, to rush into the flames to beg for his forgiveness and take him inside her one last time, the fire melting the flesh from their bones until they were as one, forever. She could smell the odor of burning flesh, no different than horseflesh roasting in a firepit. The pyre roared in the deepening dusk like some great beast, drowning out the fainter sound of Mirri Maz Duur's screaming and sending up long tongues of flame to lick at the belly of the night. As the smoke grew thicker, the Dothraki backed away, coughing. Huge orange gouts of fire unfurled their banners in that hellish wind, the logs hissing and cracking, glowing cinders rising on the smoke to float away into the dark like so many newborn fireflies. The heat beat at the air with great red wings, driving the Dothraki back, driving off even Mormont, but Dany stood her ground. She was the blood of the dragon, and the fire was in her. She had sensed the truth of it long ago, Dany thought as she took a step closer to the conflagration, but the brazier had not been hot enough. The flames writhed before her like the women who had danced at her wedding, whirling and singing and spinning their yellow and orange and crimson veils, fearsome to behold, yet lovely, so lovely, alive with heat. Dany opened her arms to them, her skin flushed and glowing. This is a wedding, too, she thought. Mirri Maz Duur had fallen silent. The godswife thought her a child, but children grow, and children learn. Another step, and Dany could feel the heat of the sand on the soles of her feet, even through her sandals. Sweat ran down her thighs and between her breasts and in rivulets over her cheeks, where tears had once run. Ser Jorah was shouting behind her, but he did not matter anymore, only the fire mattered. The flames were so beautiful, the loveliest things she had ever seen, each one a sorcerer robed in yellow and orange and scarlet, swirling long smoky cloaks. She saw crimson firelions and great yellow serpents and unicorns made of pale blue flame; she saw fish and foxes and monsters, wolves and bright birds and flowering trees, each more beautiful than the last. She saw a horse, a great grey stallion limned in smoke, its flowing mane a nimbus of blue flame. Yes, my love, my sun-and-stars, yes, mount now, ride now. Her vest had begun to smolder, so Dany shrugged it off and let it fall to the ground. The painted leather burst into sudden flame as she skipped closer to the fire, her breasts bare to the blaze, streams of milk flowing from her red and swollen nipples. Now, she thought, now, and for an instant she glimpsed Khal Drogo before her, mounted on his smoky stallion, a flaming lash in his hand. He smiled, and the whip snaked down at the pyre, hissing. She heard a crack, the sound of shattering stone. The platform of wood and brush and grass began to shift and collapse in upon itself. Bits of burning wood slid down at her, and Dany was showered with ash and cinders. And something else came crashing down, bouncing and rolling, to land at her feet; a chunk of curved rock, pale and veined with gold, broken and smoking. The roaring filled the world, yet dimly through the firefall Dany heard women shriek and children cry out in wonder. Only death can pay for life. And there came a second crack, loud and sharp as thunder, and the smoke stirred and whirled around her and the pyre shifted, the logs exploding as the fire touched their secret hearts. She heard the screams of frightened horses, and the voices of the Dothraki raised in shouts of fear and terror, and Ser Jorah calling her name and cursing. No, she wanted to shout to him, no, my good knight, do not fear for me. The fire is mine. I am Daenerys Stormborn, daughter of dragons, bride of dragons, mother of dragons, don't you see? Don't you SEE? With a belch of flame and smoke that reached thirty feet into the sky, the pyre collapsed and came down around her. Unafraid, Dany stepped forward into the firestorm, calling to her children. The third crack was as loud and sharp as the breaking of the world. When the fire died at last and the ground became cool enough to walk upon, Ser Jorah Mormont found her amidst the ashes, surrounded by blackened logs and bits of glowing ember and the burnt bones of man and woman and stallion. She was naked, covered with soot, her clothes turned to ash, her beautiful hair all crisped away . . . yet she was unhurt. The cream-and-gold dragon was suckling at her left breast, the green-and-bronze at the right. Her arms cradled them close. The black-and-scarlet beast was draped across her shoulders, its long sinuous neck coiled under her chin. When it saw Jorah, it raised its head and looked at him with eyes as red as coals. Wordless, the knight fell to his knees. The men of her khas came up behind him. Jhogo was the first to lay his arakh at her feet. â€Å"Blood of my blood,† he murmured, pushing his face to the smoking earth. â€Å"Blood of my blood,† she heard Aggo echo. â€Å"Blood of my blood,† Rakharo shouted. And after them came her handmaids, and then the others, all the Dothraki, men and women and children, and Dany had only to look at their eyes to know that they were hers now, today and tomorrow and forever, hers as they had never been Drogo's. As Daenerys Targaryen rose to her feet, her black hissed, pale smoke venting from its mouth and nostrils. The other two pulled away from her breasts and added their voices to the call, translucent wings unfolding and stirring the air, and for the first time in hundreds of years, the night came alive with the music of dragons. THE END

Thomas Edison- Invention of the Kinetoscope- The role it played in Essay

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Analyses of Real Cocholate Company - Essay Example stated after the performance of the fiscal year 2007 that she wants the company to cross the $100 million mark for the first time in the Companys history, it is clear that she had a measurable and clear vision about the company. 1. Retail chocolate sales reached $16.3 billion for the year ended December 2006. Per capita consumption of chocolate was over 13 pounds in 2004. This can be used as an opportunity to earn more revenue. 2. â€Å"Cocoa flavones, the unique compounds found naturally in cocoa may increase blood flow to the brain, according to new research published in the Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment journal. The researchers suggest that long-term improvements in brain blood flow could impact cognitive behavior, offering future potential for debilitating brain conditions including dementia and stroke† (Sorond FA 2008). 3. â€Å"Designed anti-dominant laws that will ensure the fair distribution and enforcement of purchase limits and export quotas in accordance with generally accepted antitrust and competition principles† (Blue 2007). 4. â€Å"The US chocolate and confectionery industry is a principle consumer of key US agricultural commodities.   For every dollar of cocoa imported, between one and two dollars of domestic agricultural products are used in the making of chocolate† (Economic Profile of the US Chocolate Industry). 3. â€Å"In 2000, a report by the US State Department concluded that in recent years approximately 15,000 children aged 9 to 12 have been sold into forced labor on cotton, coffee and cocoa plantations in the north of the country† (Global Exchange 2005). 4. Its reputation for quality, variety, and taste of products, special ambiance of the stores, store site selection criteria, expertise in the manufacture and merchandising of chocolate candy products, and good customer service, provide the company with a competitive advantage. 5. Approximately 50 percent of store sales are from products made on-site. This concept conveys

Asia In The World Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Asia In The World Economy - Research Paper Example During the late 2008, Yen began to appreciate sharply against dollar and was valued at 86.15 yen in 2009. At the end of 2010, the yen was rated at 88.66 yen. (Source: World Data Bank) The real effective exchange rate as seen from the graph has remained volatile between 1980s and 1990s. During the era of 2000 and forward, the value of yen has declined. It has been going down from the price of 120 dropping to 80. After the financial crisis of 2007-2008, the yen is seen to gain value and is rising till date. Japan’s real exchange rate has appreciated over the years due to the rapid increase in the high-productive manufacturing sector. Trends in Japanese Exports – in terms of value and composition (Source: World Data Bank) The exports in terms of value are an important element in the present Japanese economic adjustment. The structure of exports as well as imports has changed considerably over the years. The above graph shows the trends in exports value since 1980 till date . There has been a constant growth in exports since 1980s till 2000 with minor fluctuations in between. These exports can be attributed to the increase in IT-related goods, consumer goods and US been the largest trading partner. (Source: Statistical Handbook of Japan, 2010) According to the composition of exports, the leading export commodity was transport equipment which is 22% of the total exported value. It is followed by electrical machinery constituting 20% and general machinery 17.8% of total value exported. Another interesting characteristic of Japanese export is the increased proportion of high-value added products such as integrated circuits and steel which are increasing in total Japanese exports. Relationship between exchange rate (nominal and real) and exports The changes in trade surplus, given by the difference in value of exports and imports, are influenced by price changes. Appreciating yen will lower the price of imports relative to exports causing the trade balance to be higher. Given this condition, during 1990s the yen appreciated 20% causing more imports and fewer exports. This affected the competitive price position of Japanese exports in foreign markets. The Japanese trade and exchange rate are very closely related. The real exchange rate of yen is highly positively correlated to Japanese trade and specifically exports price relative to import prices. For instance, between 1990 and 1995, the yen appreciated by 40% against dollars. If the prices of yen and dollar would have remained the same, Japanese products would have been 40% more expensive in comparison to US goods. The government intervention to cut down yen export prices and shifting to manufacturing high-value goods helped the growth of Japanese exports during the 1990s. The export volume grew annually at a rate of 5% through 1990 and 1995. The Japanese exports took a downfall in late 1990s owing to the drop in sales in the European market which is large enough to drop the Japanes e exports by 10%. In 2003, when the nominal yen/dollar exchange rate was at 120, the exports rose rapidly which again declined in 2007-2008 because of the financial crisis which cause the appreciation of yen below 90 to dollar. This caused the Japanese exports to fall drastically. Impact of the Plaza Accord In 1985, the G-5 nations including Japan forced United States to devalue dollar because of the current account deficit. The G-5 nations were

Dramatic Literature Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dramatic Literature Analysis Paper - Essay Example Each member of the Younger family is driven by the dreams of their own. Mama intends to buy a house of her own while the son, Walter Lee, wants to invest money on a liquor store which, according to him, will solve their financial crisis. Unfortunately, their race and Walters business partners betrayal stand in the path of the fulfillment of their dreams. However, the family sticks together to make their dreams come true. The main characters strive to deal with the tyrannical circumstances inflicted upon them. All the sufferings they endure, fights they indulge in and the frustration that comes out in various ways, including Walters  fights with Ruth, Mama, and Beneatha,   Ruth’s consideration of an abortion and Beneatha dating two very different men, certainly seems to be the result of their intense struggle to attain their dreams. However, the final realization that the dream of a house is most important for it unites the family, exhibits that pride in oneself is the only way to hold on to one’s self-esteem and assert one’s value as a human being. Similarly, Mama’s dedication to the plant is the symbol of her utmost care and dream for her family to move up in the  world. The play A Raisin in the Sun is an intriguing piece of work by Hansberry which describes the importance of family and unity. It is thought provoking as it describes the efforts of a poor black family that, despite the numerous predicaments, choose to stick together to attain a place of its

Comparison of two books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison of two books - Essay Example urther, many institutions such as the military organizations, the Catholic Church, and also in business conglomerates (the glass ceiling) practice gender discrimination through a variety of ways to subjugate and dominate women by overt and subtle means. The military excluded the women from combat roles and officership positions until only recently while the Catholic hierarchy does not ordain female priests, and many global corporations still practice gender discrimination despite the efforts of feminists to break the glass ceiling and join the boards of their companies (women workers in general receive lower pay and in lower positions). In her eye-opening book titled â€Å"Lydias Open Door: Inside Mexicos Most Modern Brothel† author Patty Kelly managed to document a hidden industry which that countrys political leaders proudly touted as an example of their nations march towards modernization and globalization through neo-liberalism by modernizing its prostitution industry through the so-called proper monitoring of the health of its prostitutes, professionalizing its practice by a series of regulations, and in many ways euphemistically â€Å"helping† these women from being further exploited by criminal gangs because now they work under government supervision. While female prostitutes sell their bodies for sex acts, they also perpetuate their own subjugation by a male-dominated society. This is why feminists have waged a vigorous and continuing campaign against prostitution (legal or not) but this practice will still persist if the women themselves do not do something against it. The government of Mexico, in particular a local or municipal government unit in the state of Chiapas in the barrio of Tuxtla Gutierrez, had conceived of a â€Å"brilliant† idea to formally legalize prostitution ostensibly to regulate this commercial sex street-level activity into a modern form of experiment in social hygiene. The proclaimed objective is to protect female prostitutes but end

Nuclear Weapons Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Nuclear Weapons - Thesis Proposal Example In spite of the apprehensions that have been elevated about the nuclear weapons, those who are taking part in the creation and development of such weapons have stated that the weapons are not intended to disturb the world peace. They have argued that the project is important for their countries and should not be seen as steps towards destabilizing the world or causing unnecessary harm to the world populations. Some people have argued that the nuclear weapons pose no threat to the world and they should therefore not be destroyed and the countries that are involved in the creation and development of the nuclear weapons should be allowed to proceed with the projects (Mueller par 3). B. The public needs to be given information on the various perspectives of the nuclear weapons and also on the implications that devolvement and use of the weapons will have on their lives as well as the lives of the rest of the world population (Krieger 65) A. When countries are involved in the creation of nuclear weapons, other counties use it as an excuse to also develop their own nuclear weapons and this has led to the militarization of world countries (Bernstein 43) B. Others have however argued that the choice to engage in the creation of the weapons is something that is solely dependent on the administration of a country and is not influenced by the fact that others are engaging in it (Mueller para 4) D. Some, however, argue that the nuclear weapons are not the sole cause of cross-border diplomacy wars since such wars and relations issues exist even in areas where nuclear development and creation is not taking place.

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Cover letter - Essay Example I have worked as volunteer teacher in Saudi Educational Center in St John from March 2011 to June 2011 and from October 2011 to June 2012, where I was involved in the assessment of students’ abilities. My performance in this post has been lauded through securing first place among 3000 teachers in Dawadmi province as well as being first among the 7 teachers in my institution. During my stint as a teacher I have been able to motivate creativity in children and to encourage them to explore. Under the direction of the APSEA provincial supervisor, and consultation with the educational interpreter consultant and itinerant teacher, the successful applicant will provide educational support services by modeling sign language; facilitate communication between the student and their peers; also prepares and provides educational support services and materials, including tutoring, for a student who is deaf and communicates using sign

Types of Essay and Examples Essay Example for Free

Types of Essay and Examples Essay The Expository Essay The main function of the expository essay is to explain, or to acquaint your reader with something; it can be used to describe, explain or present some information. In order to write an expository essay, preparation and background research will be required. This will arm you with facts and information that will be subsequently conveyed to your reader. Expository writing will also require you to show understanding of the chosen topic – this is why many professors and tutors choose this essay type to check how well a student has mastered a given topic. In their most common form, expository essays will take about 5 paragraphs; however, classes and instructors may require them to be larger in size. No matter the size, an essay should at all times include an introduction and a conclusion – the body length may vary. The Persuasive Essay If you have to persuade your reader about something, your essay becomes a persuasive one. With this type of writing you will need not only to prove your point, but will also have to persuade your opposition that your viewpoint is logical and well founded, and thus – better. In this case, you are no longer merely showing what you know; you are convincing the reader that you are correct in your viewpoint. In order to write this kind of essay it is important to prepare in advance by choosing a side, making a case for it, anticipating alternative arguments and finding ways how to refute them. You must be aware of other sides of the argument and be fair to them; dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. It is always best to take a side that you believe in, preferably with the most supporting evidence. It can often be educational to adopt a different position from what you might normally choose (debating requires this kind of flexibility). The Informal Essay The informal essay is a type of essay written mainly for enjoyment. This is not to say that it cannot be informative or persuasive; however, it is a less formal statement with a more relaxed expression of opinion, observation or humor. A good informal essay has a relaxed style but retains a strong structure, though the structure may be less rigid than a formal paper. The informal essay tends to be more personal than the formal, even though both may express subjective opinions. In a formal essay the writer is in a silent presence behind the words, while in an informal essay the writer is speaking directly to the reader in a conversational manner. If you are writing informally, try to maintain a sense of your own personality. Do not worry about sounding academic, but make sure you avoid sloppiness. Explaining Writing or Concept Essay Explaining essays inform the reader about something they don’t know.These are essays that teach, so you will often find this sort of writing in textbooks, instruction manuals and any information source online.Your purpose in this essay is to inform your readers about an aspect of a concept they may not know about or have thought about before. These sorts of essays may explain and event, explain a cause, or explain what or who. See my other hubs for information on event and cause essays. The Review A review may be either formal or informal, depending on the context. Its goal is to evaluate a specific piece, perhaps a novel or movie. This implies that the reviewers personal opinion plays a significant role in the process. Despite a degree of subjectivity, a certain objective standard needs to be maintained and, as in a persuasive essay, your assertions need to be proved. The formality of the review will be determined by how much of the essay is analysis, how much is summary, and how much is your reaction to the work you are reviewing. A more formal review will not only discuss the work or its own merits but will also place it in context. Newspapers and popular magazines tend to review in terms of finance, e.g. is this record or film worth spending money on? Critical journals will attempt to determine whether a new novel or play has achieved something new and significant. A good review will discuss both these qualities and the importance of a given work. The Research Essay The research essay leads you into the works of others and asks you to compare their thoughts with your own. Writing a research paper involves going to source material and synthesizing what you learned from it with your own ideas. You must find texts on the subject and use them to support the topic you have been given to explore. Since it is easy to become lost in a wilderness of outside material, you must take particular care in narrowing your topic. The greatest inherent danger in the research essay is plagiarism. If your paper consists of a string of quotations or paraphrases with little input of your own, you are not synthesizing but copying, and you should expect a low grade. If any of the borrowings are unacknowledged, you are plagiarizing and the penalties are severe. The Literary Essay In the literary essay, you are exploring the meaning and construction of a piece of literature. This task is more complicated than reviewing, though the two are similarly evaluative. In a review you are discussing the overall effect and validity of a work, while in a literary essay you are paying greater attention to specifics. A literary essay focuses on such elements as structure, character, theme, style, tone, and subtext. You are taking a piece of writing and trying to discover how and why it is put together the way that it is. You must adopt a viewpoint on the work in question and show how the details of the work support your viewpoint. A literary essay may be your own interpretation, based only on your reading of the piece, or it may be a mixture of your opinions and references to the criticism of others, much like a research paper. Again, be wary of plagiarism and of letting the opinions of more experienced writers swamp your own response to the work. If you are going to consult the critics, you should re-read the literary work you are discussing and make some notes on it before looking at any other opinions. The Argumentative Essay The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion, one can argue it effectively, and these folks are always surprised when others dont agree with them because their logic seems so correct. Additionally, writers of argumentation often forget that their primary purpose in an argument is to win it – to sway the reader to accept their point of view. It is easy to call names, easy to ignore the point of view or research of others, and extremely easy to accept ones own opinion as gospel, even if the writer has not checked his or her premise in a couple of years, or, as is the case for many young writers, never questioned the beliefs inherited from others. Want to know what you think about something? Then write an argumentative essay. To be fair, however, youll find that one of the first things you must do is become an expert on the issue. When you pick a topic, you should avoid writing about issues that cannot be won, no matter how strongly you might feel about them. The five hottest topics of our time seem to be gun control, abortion, capital punishment, freedom of speech, and probably the most recent, euthanasia, or the right to die. If possible, avoid writing about these topics because they are either impossible to win, or because your instructor is probably sick of reading about them and knows all the pros and cons by heart (this could put you at a serious disadvantage). If you have difficulty picking a decent topic for your essay, feel free to check out our list of good argumentative essay topics. Either way, the topics may be some fine reading material, because most people are somewhat aware of the problems and can then concentrate on understanding the method of argument itself. But care should be taken; if you read one side, you also read the other. Far too many individuals only read the side that they already believe in. These issues cannot be won for good reason: each touches on matters of faith and beliefs that for many people are unsha kable and deeply private. The Cause and Effect Essay The cause and effect essay includes some elements of writing that might be considered more professional than those a descriptive or narrative essay might include. It is very important, for instance, that your tone be reasonable, and that your presentation be factual and believable. Sources are often required in a cause/effect paper, and your choice of these sources is important as they reflect on the validity of your paper. Additionally, the first-person point of view does not work; you should sound objective and impartial. Consider the following sentences: I believe that gun control measures should be taken in every hamlet in America. Gun control measures should be taken in every hamlet in America. In the first sentence, the first person is used. This would work in a narrative, but here it actually limits the meaning of the sentence to just the writer, and it makes the writer sound weak – as if he were justifying himself or herself. The second sentence is much more forceful. It makes a statement and does not limit itself to just what the writer believes. The purpose of a cause and effect paper is to be as convincing as possible, and to convince readers to accept the cause/effect as fact. The Comparison and Contrast Essays The main purpose and function of compare and contrast essays is obvious – to find similarities and dissimilarities between two or more objects or things. This kind of writing requires the writer to be an observer; in most cases it doesn’t require scholarly research or any specific referencing. Such essays are mostly subjective in nature, and writers are required to come up with differences or similarities they are able to point out and analyze. There are different compare and contrast patterns for these essays, yet the overall essay structure remains invariable: there should be an introduction, a few body paragraphs and a conclusion. While working on your compare and contrast essay, don’t forget to use the so-called cue words. These words help you to tie paragraphs together by means of small logical connectors. For example, you can use words like: on the one hand/on the other hand, this is such/in contrast, however, like, as well, too, unlike, though, but etc. These words will pull your essay together and will make it hold better. Check out an article that covers our compare and contrast essays in detail – and good luck with your writing! Expository Essay Sample The Internet and Society Modern society has undergone radical development in the last 20 years. Computers were once just a means to solve mathematical equations. Rapid advances in technology have altered the way in which people interact with computers, as well as the functionality of these smart machines. With the advent of a worldwide and nearly universally accessible web, the way in which we interact with each other has changed drastically. People from all over the world can instantaneously exchange both business and personal information. Internet commerce has become a huge part of the daily lives of millions, as well as social networking and streaming media. Most recently, portable electronics capable of nearly all internet-related tasks have become a common possession for the average middle-aged American. The unlimited free exchange of information has changed, and is continuing to change, in very profound way, society at large. â€Å"The internet is probably most famous for the ability to spread information, fact or fiction.†(Nikolovska, 2007) Despite the many positive influences the internet has had on our society, one cannot ignore the negative repercussions. Many vendors have become faceless, and the examination of goods prior to purchase has been reduced to pictures. While there are many reputable online stores, there are those with less ethical aims. People must be wary of any and all information sharing and purchases conducted online, to avoid the transfer of funds or personal data to unscrupulous entities. Likewise, information obtained via the internet needs to be scrutinized in order to determine accuracy. According to the 2010 U.S. Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator Annual Report on Intellectual Property Enforcement â€Å"The digital environment†¦ presents enormous challenges to businesses, consumers, governments, citizens, communities, and families, particularly as new tec hnologies and platforms disrupt traditional business models, means of governance and modes of private communication and expression† In essence, the Internet has begun to change nearly every aspect of our lives and shows no signs of stopping. Personal safety threats related to the popularity of social networks, especially amongst the youngsters, is another huge Internet-related issue. â€Å"They are taking us somewhere exciting, but we have to work out how we deal with the fading boundaries these tools have left in their wake, and that means rewriting our social rules as we go along†(Hoover, 2009). With the human race being a social specie by nature, it was inevitable that new advanced methods of communication would eventually be developed. The Internet has revolutionized interpersonal communication since its inception with advances such as email and instant messaging. More recently, websites devoted entirely to communication have emerged. The most popular example of such social networks is Facebook. Members of various social networks input personal data, upload photographs, and personalize many aspects of their own unique pages within the site. They may then connect and share this information with as many people as they desire. The social networks have gained such popularity that one is nearly certain to find their friends and co-workers via online means. implications are unforeseeable. A world in which all people may communicate openly with one another, regardless of the physical distance between them, was once no more than a very tempting idea, but is now the norm. The world is very much analogous to an organism, and to quote a fictional doctor: â€Å"All organisms evolve and develop along patterns only recognized in retrospect.†

Special Effects In Horror Movies

Special Effects In Horror Movies From our earliest days, we use our vivid imaginations to see ghosts in shadowy shapes, to be emotionally connected to the unknown and to fear things that are improbable. Watching a horror film gives an opening into that scary world, into an outlet for the essence of fear itself, without actually being in danger. Weird as it sounds, theres a very real thrill and fun factor in being scared or watching disturbing, horrific images. Horror films, when done well and with less reliance on horrifying special effects, can be extremely potent film forms, tapping into our dream states and the horror of the irrational and unknown, and the horror within man himself. (The best horror films only imply or suggest the horror in subtle ways, rather than blatantly displaying it, i.e., Val Lawtons horror films.) In horror films, the irrational forces of chaos or horror invariably need to be defeated, and often these films end with a return to normalcy and victory over the monstrous. The dissertation is based on the Study of cinematography and special effects in a Horror movie. In the recent past camera, lighting and special effects are of greater importance and fame, so it will be worth exploring those topics. As far as the technical aspect is concerned a brief research of how these kind of films are being filmed from the shooting spot itself, will be very useful for an aspiring artist to get a better idea about its development. Horror films go back as far as the onset of films themselves, over 100 years ago. Introduction: The researcher was interested in watching horror films from his childhood and he was deeply interested in these genres. In his childhood the researcher was very much impressed with the serial mainly called Genmam-X and Marmadesam. The drama that he staged in his schooldays with horror and scary effects as the theme was applauded well by the audience. So he started his concept and in addition to that he added makeup also. The tremendous response from the viewers made him start learning the concepts and idea relating to this genre and finally concluded with this concept. It is difficult to show scary effects in screens. If the director gets his requirements from all the technicians the film will be successful, otherwise it will not. In order to get success the film must contain interesting characters and it also depends on their acting. And in terms of technical aspects the cinematography and special effects play a major role. In Indian cinemas, there is some response for these kinds of genre when compared to Hollywood. The main aim of the upcoming short film is that after seeing this, many people have to change their mind to see horror films also. So the main thing that the film should contain is better cinematography with matching special effects. Instead of concentrating on the story alone, cinematography and special effects should be given more importance. Research Questions: What are Special Effects? Colors and intensity of lights? Camera trick and technique in cinematography? Special Effects (Make up) for horror movies? How the horror movies getting winning changes? Aim: To give the thrill the viewer expects mainly the use of the camera, lightings and Special Effects, Were Script play the secondary role. Statement of the problem: The main purpose of adding the special effects is to frighten the viewer.When it goes beyond the limit it might not be watched by many people. In this situation it may go to another genre of hardcore horror. It may scare people but it will create some abnormal effects in the minds of some people. Objectives: How is cinematography in horror films different from other films? What are special Effects? How is Special Effects done in horror movies? A Study of the cinematography for horror movies. How is make up done for horror movies? Significance of the study: Horror movies are the best platform to find rich special effects and lighting and Much interesting camera handling which gives the viewers a different experience From other films. The study through this dissertation is to understand The cinematography in horror films and application of special effects in them. With the gathered knowledge a short film based on horror story will be filmed. LITERATURE REVIEW Movies Reference: The name of the movie is Psycho (1960) and the director is Alfred Hitchcock. The cinematography is done by John L.Russell. Psycho is one of the best Hollywood horror movies. I saw this movie some time back. I thought it was the best example for lighting. In the film I saw one shot where the psycho is going to kill the lady who is taking her bath .In that scene the lighting was done very well. The 1961 best cinematography, Black and White John L.Russell Oscar was nominated for this film. Reference: The name of the movie is The Thing (1982) directed by John Carpenter with Special Effects by Rob Bottin. The movie was taken in 1982. In that period they used special effects and visual Effects and make up. The make up is so realistic that it will attract the viewer Quickly. A human is transformed to a demon easily and the scene is Presented very effectively which will fascinate the people. Even the lighting Effects are very good. And I watched this movie online. The comment was that it Was too scary. This shows how they have applied VFX and SFX. And the Best special effect 1982 Rob Bottin Saturn award nominated for this Film. Reference: The name of the movie is Van Helsing and the director is Stephen Sommers.The cinematography is handled by Allen Daviau. The movie Van Helsing comes under the genre of horror and it came out in the year 2004. In this movie they followed a really nice cinematography. Actually this movie came out from the comic that Van Helsing is a ghost hunter who will be roaming around the earth in search of ghost, In this movie also he is coming to a village in search of the ghost. There are two interesting characters in this movie one is the Frankenstein and the other one is the wolf character which was in the custody of the villain. The extra ordinary thing about the movie is that the CG In early days, man used special effects and later it got developed into visual effects. In this movie there are many visual effects shots. A few examples include the climate sequence where the ordinary man transforms into a wolf that is a quality CG work in the industry. Further there are many VFX shots in the movie. Special effects include the blood bossing from the mouth and the usage of the miniature in the movies where Gabriel (hero) taking the Frankenstein away from the village. Most of the shots were shot inside the studio and they were composited later. Usage of expressive and breath taking matte paintings added to the quality of the movie. The cinematography of the movie plays a major role because of the proper establishment and composition. Reference: The name of the movie is Mirror-2 directed by Victor Garcia. Cinematography is done by Lorenzo Senatore. I recently watched this film. It is really a kind of hardcore killing movie where we can find the hero who is replacing the old security guard in the office. The main concept behind this movie is the revenge by the girl who is killed by the head officer. And he is killing the people through the medium mirror. The main success behind the movie is the lighting and cinematography. Reference: The name of the movie is Saw-4, directed by Darren Lynn Bousman and cinematography by David Armstrong, This movie is the successor of the three early parts. The success behind the movie is that the usage of the equipments and the method he used for killing others. In the first scene the villain killed the victim by tying the body to a steel bed and the axe was in a to and fro motion just above the stomach of the victim where it got peeled into many pieces. Website Reference: This Media Studies Factsheet was researched Written by Steph Hendry The horror films are not from this period. Those films were taken from the very early times where they only depend on the special effects and the camera tricks .At that time also some nice pictures came namely the Frankenstein a ghost which was made by a man by assembling many internal organs .This is the fact, that behind the creation of the ghost namely Frankenstein, is one type of ghost. There are many types of ghost that may include the external ghost which was having its own appearance and they will have some special characteristics. The Internal ghost is that it will enter ones body and it will do some thing inside the body of the character. This is the kind of ghost and others include the vampire. Mostly all the thriller movies have this type of ghost, there will be a character sucking blood from the humans and using them for their existence. They will be more like humans living with them but they will have some special characteristics In the earlier periods the ghost will be only living inside the cave and later the living area of the ghost also increased ,no matter where the ghost are living it may be at school, it may in our home or inside ones soul no matter where it will be. So we can go to the place as we wish when going for this kind of genre. And nowadays time is also not a matter for the ghost it may come at day time or it may come when we are sleeping and when we are in dream. The only fact is that vampire can roam around the world during day times. Reference: www.darkwebonile.com Horror movies have been around since silent movies. Obviously being scared is something the audience want. The horror movie received a huge revival in the late 70s early 80s (Omen and Nightmare on Elm Street) but died a sad death in the late 80s and throughout most of the 90s. However, with the advent of the horror smash parody Scream the genre is, once again, extremely popular. What was frightening back in the silent movie days and what is frightening now may well have changed. As society changes so do our fears. For example, when moving image was first invented footage of a moving train caused fear in the audience because people really believed that the train would come straight out of the screen. Reference: http://www.horrorfilmhistory.com/index.php?pageID=1980s Horror Film History A Decade By Decade Guide to the Horror Movie Genre 1980s Horror Films. Horror movies of the 1980s existed at the glorious watershed when special visual effects finally caught up with the gory imaginings of horror fans and movie makers. Technical advances in the field of animatronics, and liquid and foam latex meant that the human frame could be distorted to an entirely new dimension, onscreen, in realistic close up. This coincided with the materialistic ethos of the 1980s, when having it all was important, but to be seen to be having it all was paramount. People demanded tangible tokens of material success they wanted bigger, shinier, and faster, with more knobs on as verification of their own value in society. 1980s Horror Movies The Shining (1980) The Thing (1982) Videodrome (1983) Nightmare on Elm St (1984) Fright Night (1985) Re-Animator (1985) The Fly (1986) The Hitcher (1986) Near Dark (1987) Hellraiser (1987) The Evil Dead Childs Play (1988) . Reference: http://www.horror-movies.ca/horror_17523.html Horror Movies and Special Effects Posted By Poppa Scotch, Horror is a genre that puts everything on the line in regards to the physical boundaries of at least semi explainable human anatomy and any and all possible items that can be used to destroy it. There are decapitations, eviscerations, monsters, dead animals, rotting corpse and pretty much anything else that you can think of that have already made their way into horror cinema. The invention of the green screen and computer generated background really are only limited by the artists imaginations, which in turn is an amazing tool for filmmakers. They can turn skylines into post apocalyptic landscapes, they can transform a crappy warehouse into Times Square, and they can even add massive crowds of people to create a larger than life sporting event. My gripe comes from when the filmmakers (or special effects houses) get lazy. Its no secret that the appeal for a large number of horror fans is the gore killing, and the absolute carnage. Considering the main focus, the effects have to be believable to the viewer. Through our many years of growth and development of horror film viewing, special effects have come a long way as well as presenting us with a base of what we as viewers believe that gore should look like. Book

birth order Essay -- essays research papers

Birth Order   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One long controversy among behavioral scientist is the existence of a sibling position effect. Birth order research and theories can be criticized because of differences between parents, sibling positions of the parents, size of families, socioeconomic status, and culture. The conclusions drawn from research studies on sibling position are also often contradictory. However for some reason children with certain birth order roles grow into adolescents and adults with similar qualities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand the sibling positions in a certain family the family system must be understood, since elements of structure in family systems form the context in which sibling positions develop. The family environment includes membership units, interaction patterns, boundaries, rules, roles, and alliances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The desires, hopes, and dreams of the parents are carried by the first child. Everything the child does is being done by the first time in the eyes of the new parents. The landmarks of the first smile, tooth, steps, word, first day of school, graduation are all met with overjoyed responses from parents, grandparents, and other relatives. In most families, the responses from this large family audience are more exaggerated than they will be for any subsequent child. The first children are assigned functional roles as they enter the family system, which include: the job assignment, interpersonal responsibilities, and social interactions. (Hoopes & Harper, 1987). Parents believe that the extended family and their environment watch what the first child does to determine what they are like as a family. Therefore, the main message that first children receive is that they are on display and that the family focus is outward. Leading children to believe that they are the ce ntral focus and their actions have consequences beyond them. First children have a sense that their behavior and words are weighed by others and then adopt external validation to evaluate themselves. Despite the family’s high expectations for all of their children, the performance of the first child is emphasized more than any other child will be. For interacting this way first-born children learn that their job assignment is to produce outcomes that meet with the family’s approval. First children may wo... ...y exhibit marked independence or extreme independence. Since the child has been reared alone in an adult world, the only child is very often extremely anxious to please others, especially parents and other adults. The only child has a youth period, which is free of the puzzling problem of sibling rivalry. This makes the only child extremely confident with is comes to completing task well and receiving the approval of others as well as very critical of themselves. (Falbo, 1984). Placement in the family has a lot to do with a person’s way of thinking and relating. While many other factors help shape a child’s personality first-borns do things faster then other siblings and approach like more seriously. Second-born children tend to be more laid back in achievement since the parents are less available. Third-born children have many privileges and gains considerable social skills because of interactions with older siblings. While only children, in their own category, are self-confident and have a great sense of responsibility. Birth order, like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for individual children. Each child is absolutely unique.

Symbols and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the theme revolves around a sin that has been committed. It takes places in the seventeenth century in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hester Prynne, who had an affair with the local Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, commits the sin. Roger Chillingworth is Hester's husband while the affair is taking place. Because of the affair, Hester and Arthur have a daughter named Pearl. The sin that Hester commits is adultery. Hawthorne uses a variety of symbols throughout The Scarlet Letter, and he symbolizes the scarlet letter "A" in several ways. In the Puritan community, "A" is a sign of punishment, and the red "A" is worn on the chest of the offender's clothing. The "A" may mean adultery, Angel and Able. Hester, after years of helping, serving and sympathizing with the townspeople, was viewed by the Puritans to mean Able rather than adulteress; "A" meant Able; "so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman's strength" (186). For example, when Hester has won some respect from the Puritans, "Such helpfulness was found in her, -so much... that many people refused to interpret the scarlet "A" by its original signification" (186). To the Puritans the letter "A" also symbolizes an Angel. "A great red letter in the sky, Ñthe letter A..." showed up at Governor Winthrop's death in the sky" (182). "For, as our good Governor Winthrop was made an angel this past night..." (182). The meaning of the "A" is also different to each of the characters. To Hester it is a constant reminder of humiliation and of the sin that she committed. Dimmesdale believes that the "A" reminds him of his own guilt, and there is no way that he can forgive himself. The "A" to Pearl, a young girl, is a bright and mysterious curiosity. Hester Prynne is an English woman who is punished by having to wear the embroidered scarlet letter "A" on the breasts of her clothing receives public humiliation by standing in front of the townspeople of Boston. The "A" that Hester wears is "... in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread..." (58). Hester Prynne, through the eyes of many Puritans, is an extreme sinner; she has gone against the Puritan ways, committing adultery. For this harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her life.

Mary Wilkins Freemans The Revolt of Mother :: Mary Wilkins Freeman Revolt Mother Essays

Mary Wilkins Freeman's The Revolt of Mother   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Mary Wilkins Freeman’s â€Å"The Revolt of ‘Mother’† Mother is the typical woman of the late 1890s, who was brought up to be subservient to men, as was common during the era. America was a completely patriarchal society at the end of the nineteenth century. Women had always been perceived as lesser beings than men; women were thought to be less intelligent, weaker, and generally less important than men. â€Å"The Revolt of ‘Mother’† was written just around the time when women started demanding their rights, strong women, like Sarah Penn. The characterization of ‘Mother’ as a meek woman strongly conveys an idea about real women standing up for themselves and their beliefs that was just the beginning of a women’s liberation movement toward reform.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freeman portrays Sarah as the typical woman living in America in the late 1800s. Her lack of strength is emphasized strongly in her description, â€Å"Her forehead was mild and benevolent between the smooth curves of her gray hair; there were meek downward lines about her nose and mouth†¦.† The physical characteristics, referred to as mild, meek and benevolent, indicate her personality and yet generalize her so that she could be any woman of that time period. The generality of calling her â€Å"Mother† instead of Sarah in the title symbolizes that all women, not just this one rare case, can make a difference and stand up for themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adoniram’s lack of interest in the house reflects his lack of interest in his wife. The new house is a womanly place; Mother will take care of it and clean it and cook in it every day for the rest of her life. Adoniram cares much more about himself and his own wants and desires. He spends his days in the barns, so he would prefer a new place for himself before a new place for his wife. He believes that his desires are more substantial than those of a woman. Adoniram’s sense of power over Sarah is clear when he refuses to answer her questions about the barn he is building. He seems to think he is in some way better than she, for she was just a dumb, but obedient woman. He ignores her when she questions the new barn, and reminds him of the house he had promised her forty years ago. He does not even respect her enough to have a conversation of his plans with her.

Republican Foundations

This national bank would take the nation out of debt from the war. The bank would additionally provide loans for businessmen and to provide a place to deposit federal funds. He believed that the government should foster business and contribute to the growth of capitalistic enterprise. Hamilton additionally believed that the United States should have a protective tariff to aid manufactures. Jefferson on the other hand, opposed Hamilton's idea of creating a national bank. He additionally didn't believe that the United States should have a protective tariff to aid anufactures.He preferred a society with some industrial alternative to agriculture. Jefferson believed that all of the national debt should be paid off quickly because it will be harmful to society. Socially, Hamilton believed that the wealthy people should run the society. A variety of taxes, like the taxes on whiskey harmed the lower and middle class the most. However, Hamilton supported the upper class. Hamilton believed th at only the wealthy should be qualified to vote because they were smarter than the lower and middle classes.Merchants, bankers, manufactures, and wealthy farmers were considered Hamiltonians. Jefferson once more, opposed Hamilton's suggestions. Jefferson supported the lower and middle classes. He believed that the â€Å"common† people (lower and middle classes) were capable of running the government. He believed that the lower and middle classes were qualified to vote too. Artisans, shopkeepers, frontier settlers, and owners of small towns were considered Jeffersonian. Politically, Hamilton believed that the British aristocracy should be a model for theAmerican Government. He clearly believed in a strong central government. He wanted a broad interpretation of the constitution to strengthen the central government at the expenses of the state rights. Hamiltonians favored restrictions of speech and the press. They believed that America should closely associate itself with Britai n and break the bonds with France. Jefferson believed in a more democratic government compared to Britain's. He wanted to reduce the number of federal office holders and he favored freedom of the press and speech.Jefferson also had a broad interpretation of the constitution but many times, it was only to favor himself or the situation. He was suspicious of the central government because of probable tyrannical overpowering like England and wanted to increase state rights. Revolutionary War period of the United States. The opposing views point of the Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Economically, Hamilton believed in creating a national bank to pay off the nations debt, while Jefferson believed that the debt would be harmful to the society and should be paid off quickly.Socially, Hamilton believed the upper class should run things and only be able to vote, but Jefferson believed that the common people should be able to have a say in the government and also be able to vote. Politically, Hamilton believed that the government should be similar to Britain's government while Jefferson didn't believe in a strong central government, but a more democratic one. The opposing ideas of Hamilton and Jefferson is what has created variety of ideas to contribute to the improvements of the United States.

Issues with Social Development in Adults

In my research on issues of social development in adults, I found change and consistency in social participation plays a key role in early adulthood. I felt the need to choose and touch on this topic because I have the tendency to be a social butterfly and I also lost a dear friend that committed suicide from social isolation. I chose this article because after reading it I felt as if the information was solid and backed up with surveys and facts. I also felt as if the topic was thoroughly examined and the article gave a lot of helpful information about this particular issue with social development in adults. Social interactions and activities play a key role in the physical health and well being in adulthood. It is healthy and fun to be around friends, loved ones, and even relationship partners. Making plans, going out, and being social gives one the since of self worth. Further more, the lack of desire and absence of social contact and participation can cause one, such as in the incident of my friend, to become depressed, self-isolated, and have suicidal thoughts and/or even commit suicide. In the event that I would need to write a research paper on this topic, I would use this article. I would use the article because it has a lot of information about the topic and has many different details and survey information. This would all help my research and provide me with information to include in my paper. The authors, Harry Reis and Yi-Cheng Lin, research was to determine if age-related changes in social relationships and to see if interaction patterns would stay the same from college years to adult- hood. They researched a variety of different things like opposite-sex socializing, intimacy and satisfaction in adulthood, and implications for social development during early adulthood.

Impact of rechargeable cars on the Environment Essay

In this essay, I will discuss about the rechargeable batteries used in the rechargeable automobile and the impacts of these batteries to the pollution of the urban environment. Scientists are moving fast to give new inventions to the world and rechargeable automobile batteries are the latest topic of the automobile world. Due to excessive gasoline consumption, the scientists are working on electric cars and on the rechargeable batteries. The gasoline consumption creates pollution and it is proved by researches that the consumption should be decreased to save the environment. Now the question is that is the rechargeable battery save the environment from the pollution? The answer of the question is discussed below: The impact of the rechargeable batteries depends on the source of electricity. Most of the people think that the rechargeable or the hybrid cars (in other words electric cars) are environment friendly because they think that it is using refined and environment friendly energy but research professors show another side of the rechargeable batteries. According to them, the pollution depends upon the source of electricity. They say that most of the countries generate their electricity from fossil fuels, oil and gasoline. If a country or state is generating their electricity from the fossil fuels or gasoline, then the impact of the batteries will be worst because every time when they will need to recharge the battery, they need electricity and in that sense, the consumption of the electricity will increase and the environment will be polluted (Laura Williams). The Ohio university research shows that the hybrid cars and the use of the rechargeable batteries affect the environment. The reason is that the material which is used in the batteries is more harmful than the conventional batteries. The batteries are to be recharged after 350 miles and after every 350 miles, the electricity is needed for recharging. So the source of the electricity concerns a lot (Ohio University). Ozone layer is a very important topic of environment. The batteries damage ozone layer which creates bundle of problems and harms. The radioactive rays actually damage the ozone layer which is really harmful and creates many diseases. So every time when a battery is recharged, it will exhaust the rays which are really harmful. Moreover, recycling of the battery should be proper and if it is not proper, then the environment will have to suffer (Baig, Naqvi, Qureshi). It is true that temporarily rechargeable batteries are seems to be more beneficial than the other sources but the study shows that we are paying a lot in the sense of environment pollution. The impacts of the rechargeable batteries on the environment are everlasting and longterm (Conger, 2010). By the above discussion, it can be concluded that rechargeable batteries are facilitating the world but we can’t deny from this fact that they are harmful for the environment. In hybrid cars, rechargeable batteries are used so, consumption of diesel or fuel is less and the smoke arising from diesel or fuel does not exhaust the environment but it does not mean that it is not exhausting anything. So if we see its effects on temporary basis, then we will come to the conclusion that it is environment friendly but on the ground levels that its effects are worst (Clean up Australia).

Black Masculinity Essay

What is an ethnic group? An ethnic group is a human population whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry . These ethnic groups are usually united by shared cultural values, common fields of communication, or religious practices. So perhaps the theory of Black masculinity can be considered an ethnic group. There is the obvious factors of being ‘Black’ and ‘male’ that connects these members in this group; they have skin color and gender in common. Perhaps this cultural group has come together to be more then just a group who have race and gender in common. It goes beyond that and Black masculinity has members who are not ‘Black’. Perhaps this questions if history, ancestry, and genealogy are factored in when becoming a members of a group. But will these members be truly accepted in the cult of Black masculinity. Within the dominant culture African American men have developed their own sense of identity. These men have integrated themselves into American society creating a culture of their own. They have established a language, a sense of dress, and behaviors. These protocols help this group of men emphasize their ethnicity and gender. Members of this group who follow these traits are considered to be part of the cult of Black masculinity. What is happening is that white men, because of the influence of pop culture, are permeating the boundaries of the Black masculine cult. This is an experience of somewhat reverse assimilation. At first it was the assimilation of the Black man into the white man’s world and now it is as if roles are reversed. How the white men see the Black masculinity portrayed through the media and want to be part of it. Anthropologist Fredrik Barth specifies three conditions under which ethnic groups develop and define themselves: (a) a dominant culture is present with the power to maintain conditions whereby other groups of people, (b) are stereotyped, and (c) are constrained to certain roles that function complementarily in the general culture. Barth argues that ethnic distinctions are born out of conflict . The above conditions are necessary for the maintenance of ethnic distinctions. So, the maintenance of ethnic diversity requires domination by one group of the rest. Using Barth’s definition of what an ethnic group is and which boundaries are defined by these rules this paper will prove how Black masculinity conforms to these guidelines establishing them as an ethnic group within the dominant culture. This paper will also explore the difference that is expressed by black males in American culture through the use of language, dress and behavior. The cult of Black masculinity will prove that ethnic groups can create something of their own while inventing a new culture in which they can partake in and be control of. Black Masculinity â€Å"A particular type of black masculinity–one defined mainly by an urban aesthetic, a nihilistic attitude, and an aggressive posturing–has made its way into the cultural mainstream in the last two decades. † There are many contributing factors but the image of Black masculinity has come about due to the popularization of hip-hop culture and the prominence of rap music and the â€Å"videomercials† that sell it. More specifically, it is the result of the popularity of the urban â€Å"gangsta† and his embodiment in the â€Å"gangsta† rap of artists such as Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Tupak Shakur. Black masculinity is the attempt for black males to incorporate what the dominant culture believes to be masculine. Most studies have, however regarded Black Masculinity as an alternative to social status, rather than as an extension of it. ‘Black Macho’ has been portrayed, therefore, as differing in kind rather than degree from the wider gendered power relations within Society at large†¦ It is however; only within the context of wider power relations — and as an extension of them –that Black masculinity can be fully understood†¦ Black masculinity is then perhaps best understood as an articulated response to structural inequality, enacting and subverting dominant definitions of power and control, rather then substituting for them. Rather than a hostile and withdrawn entity [black masculinity] can be seen as a base for interaction and negotiation with wider society . These men have taken an idea which already exists according to society and incorporated what they believe is their definition of masculinity. This expression of masculinity, according to Mercer and Julien: â€Å"subjectively incorporates attributes associated with dominant definitions of manhood – such as being tough, in control, independent – in order to recuperate some degree of power or active influence over objective conditions of powerlessness created by racism. † Black masculinity embraces the stereotypical role of what a Black man typically resembles. What the dominant culture portrays: the tough guy, more body then mind. This is received as negative because they are not achieving what the ideal is, what â€Å"Whiteness† is. So would this group of men be considered an ethnic group within the American society? According to Barth an ethnic group embodies the following: â€Å"Largely biologically self-perpetuating, shares fundamental cultural values, realized in overt unity in cultural forms, makes up a field of communication and interaction, has a membership which identifies itself, and is identified by others, as constituting a category distinguishable from other categories of the same order. † Those who choose to conform to these norms of this group will reject or discriminate against others and this leads to the inclusion of this specific group. Behavior How one behaves will determine what group they will fit into. These behaviors include how one dresses, acts and talks. Black masculinity has their own sense of dress, actions and even language. Depicted through the media the Black masculine male will dress â€Å"gangster†. There stereotyped baggie jeans and big t-shirts with the jewelry and baseball caps. This reinforces the hyper-sexualized stereotyped male in society. Recently, Richard G. Major’s concept of the â€Å"cool pose† has proved an insightful term for understanding the dynamics of black masculinity as it has developed in response to unequal conditions in the modern urban environment. In a series of closely related works (listed at the end of this essay), Majors argues that black males have accepted the traditional values of masculinity but are so restricted by social and political factors that many of them have been deeply frustrated by their inability to enact these traditional masculine roles. â€Å"In brief,† Majors explains, â€Å"cool pose originated as a coping mechanism for the ‘invisibility,’ frustration, discrimination, and educational and employment inequities faced by Black males. In response to these obstacles, many of these individuals have channeled their creative talents and energies into the construction of masculine symbols and into the use of conspicuous nonverbal behaviors (e. g. , demeanors, gestures, clothing, hairstyles, walks, stances and handshakes)† . Majors includes in his examples of the cool pose such diverse behaviors as the use of humor, feigned emotional detachment, and specific stylistic expressions like the black athlete’s inventive basketball dunking, football spiking, and end zone dancing, as well as black musical performers’ aggressive posing and graceful yet strenuous dancing styles. A prime ingredient of the cool pose as a compensatory form of masculinity is an exaggerated style of toughness: â€Å"Symbolic displays of toughness defend his identity and gain him respect; they can also promote camaraderie and solidarity among black males† . Unfortunately, as Majors is careful to point out, the ritualized hyper masculinity performed by many black men as a cool pose, particularly the preoccupation with enacting a tough persona is rife with the negative potential to promote dangerous lifestyles (e. g. , gang bangers, tough guys, drug dealers, street hustlers, and pimps) and to reinforce harmful stereotypes. These images illuminate the figure of the menacing Black male. He embodies images of the black heterosexual rapper, athlete, and movie star which challenge the racist depictions of black masculinity as incompetent, oversexed and uncivil, in the end a threat to middle class notions of womanhood, family and nation . Perhaps with these embodiments this is why Black masculinity is its own ethnic group. They were unable to assimilate into the dominant culture because they were seen as a hyper sexualized threat to white women. This left these men to create something of their own, through dress, language and action. This group uses language as another expression of social difference. African American Vernacular English is the language that is used to communicate, it is also known as Black English, Black Vernacular, or Black English Vernacular. Black English is also known as Ebonics, a combination of â€Å"ebony† and â€Å"phonics†, this language is spoken by many Blacks in the United States and around the world. Black masculinity has accepted Ebonics as their language because it is something that is unique to the African American culture. The problem with this form of communication is that it is not widely accepted within the dominant society. The children who are raised by men who are part of this cult of Black masculinity are told to speak differently because the form of communication that they have learned is not acceptable. This is a miscommunication and some parties tried to get Ebonics recognized as a language and to be taught in the school systems. This law was not passed but it was interpreted and they are now teaching the children how to translate African American Vernacular English into American Standard English. Jackson sees language as â€Å"badges and emblems of identity can be seen as a kind of message, the successful transmission, reception, and decoding of which necessary to the interaction is taking place. † This is why Black masculinity is as strong as it is because it embraces their own language and through this they are able to maintain relationships with others in this group of men. Such as the word â€Å"Nigga†, if this word were used by someone outside of this cultural group then they would be considered racist but through music and use within the group it is considered to be a term used to identify each other. It would be seen as odd if someone who did not embody Black masculinity started speaking in African American Vernacular English because they may not have the ancestry which allows them to embody Black Masculinity and their language. Boundaries To form a cultural boundary it is presumed that the borders would be between different homelands, ethnicities, religions or language groups. In the case of Black masculinity the majority are situated all over North America and the rest of the world. With such a diverse spread it would be hard to place physical borders on this group. â€Å"Ethnic groups are not merely or necessarily based on the occupation of exclusive territories; and the different ways in which they are maintained, not only by once-and-for-all recruitment but by continual expression and validation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In saying this, those who partake in the cult of Black masculinity erect borders through communication such as language and body language. Those who do not respond to these actions are not considered to be part Black male society. There is certain protocol which will be followed within the group and if this is not followed then there is the identification of an outsider who is trying to break through the borders. The problem with Black masculinity and the exclusivity of this culture is that it is widely available in pop culture. It would be easy for someone who is not part of this ethnic group to study the mass media and learn the traits which define Black masculinity. Black masculinity is based on ascription how people identify their culture and how they identify themselves within this culture. Their boundaries are socially constructed. Ethnic groups share common culture which includes shared religion, language, style of dress, housing, shared customs; attitudes, beliefs and most have the same perception of a common past. As discussed earlier this group embraces a shared common culture which separates them from the dominant culture. They have created themselves due to a particular historical circumstance and in this case it is colonization and the invasion of the White man. The identity of Black masculinity is reliant on how individuals embrace it, constrained by it; act on it and through this Black masculinity will have a separate identity as an ethnic group. To separate themselves they have must be able to distinguish them from the dominant culture by â€Å"creating appearance of cultural discontinuity†. Black masculinity has done this by assuming roles such as the gangster rapper, the black athlete or movie star. By creating these identities they are constructing a boundary between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them†. Overtime groups tend to become culturally more homogenous. This endangers the boundary and makes it harder to maintain but in order to preserve its distinct identity these boundaries need to be maintained by the group. Boundary maintenance serves to isolate the group from alternative value systems (according to which its members may find themselves ranked differently), preserves the group’s existing internal power structure, and provides a potential source of political power for the group through solidarity and numbers . Black masculinity is a strong force in the media and to follow what their cultural beliefs are would be easy. They have familiarized their culture with the dominant culture allowing anyone to be able to participate in their beliefs. This weakens their borders and makes it harder to maintain a stronghold at their borders. The only thing that would not be broken within Black masculinity is in the name. To be a true part of this ethnic group one would have to be a Black male. This is the only thing that will hold true to maintain the borders of Black masculinity. Biologically Self Perpetuating Black masculinity has become such a widely known phenomenon and even those who do not share the same ancestry seem to be able to embody traits of this group. Traditionally an ethnic group would share a common background and kin. Through the use of mass media the cult of the Black male has become highly sexualized and those who see this machismo want to be part of it. Ethnic groups are primarily endogamous and this new assimilation into their group will cause problems with this. This is a problem because it takes away from the power of what this group stands for and what they embody as the macho man. â€Å"In a social order where white beliefs form fundamental explanations of how individuals should enact their color-sex positions and associated role expectations, black males do not, regardless of their economic status or intellectual capabilities, have the cultural prerogative to take the initiative. † This quote redefines that there is a dominant culture and allowing assimilation this group is allowing the power to be taken away. As these men are portrayed as hyper sexualized in the media it introduces them to something that the dominant culture views as the ideal, this goes back to colonization and the want of what the White man has, the unattainable. â€Å"A major reason for the initial encounter was the mystique attached to the hitherto unavailable ‘the white goddess’ † . This â€Å"white goddess†, the unavailable, is the difference between the dominant culture and the Black Masculinity. Black men move between majority and minority cultures and must negotiate the racism and discrimination that accompany caste-like minority status. Frazier suggests that Black masculinity and male role identity must be viewed in these varying social and cultural contexts . Specifically, Black men are expected to conform to dominant gender role expectations (e. g. , to be successful, competitive, aggressive), as well as meeting culturally specific requirements (e. g. , cooperation, promotion of group, and survival of group) of the Black community. â€Å"certain patriarchal values such as physical strength, sexual prowess and being in control as a means of survival against the repressive and violent system of subordination to which they were subjected† . The dehumanizing aspect of this myth, a myth that Mercer claims many black men do not want demystified because it in some ways (e. g. , strength, sexual prowess) raises them above the status of white men, is that, while an emphasis on the body as brute force is a marker of the difference between male and female, it is also a key symbol in the division between nature and culture. Perhaps this is why Black masculinity came to be. It is argued that the members of the Black Power movement defined the politics of race within â€Å"metaphoric of phallic power,† which developed out of male activists’ desires to counter cultural articulations of black male inferiority , and that this is readily seen in the writings of influential figures such as Malcolm X, Huey Newton, Eldridge Clever, and Amiri Baraka. Wiegman further claims that the phallocentric perspective was also articulated through the macho, hyper masculine characters appearing in the blaxploitation films of the early 1970s. It is through Wiegman’s phallic theories about Black males that this ethnic group created the term and culture of Black masculinity. Conclusion Through Barth this paper has been able to discuss the boundaries which the ethnic group Black masculinity was able to control. They were able to create their own ethnic group in response to the dominant culture. They defined themselves through being Black males. They embodied what it meant to be. They did this by dress and action. This is recently obvious through the media and ‘gangta’ rap and perhaps with this embodiment they are able to prove that they are able to exist as a powerful force within the dominant culture. Black masculinity members are able to have their own sense of language whether it be verbal, Ebonics, of physical, â€Å"cool pose†. This is how they established members of the group and were able to communicate with each other by these means. They reinforced that the â€Å"cool pose† displays toughness and it gains him respect and from this it promotes solidarity within the group of Black males. The â€Å"cool pose† is not always a good thing. In the media the dominant society does not see the athlete but the gangster and the stereotype which is created by the dominant culture. They are seen as a threat and to keep them safe Black masculinity was created in an attempt to create values and rules of their own in order to obtain status in a dominant culture. To keep this group exclusive these Black men created a language of their own and through this they communicate and they are able to maintain a strong bond through these means of communication. Through the use of language they create borders. The borders which they created allow them to maintain who they are without being assimilated into the dominant culture. They have embraced and emphasized who they are and what they stand for. To protect this they erected borders such as similar dress/style, language, sense of history and shared customs. These aspects are unique to them but as popular culture embraced these aspects such as language and dress the borders began to break. One thing that the dominant culture could not break is their gender and race. They were African American men and no matter what the dominant culture did to try and assimilate them they had this to celebrate. This is important to maintain the strength of your borders. Black masculinity is a group of Black males who have been able to preserve that they are part of an ethnic group and they have history which needs to be respected. They are trying to sustain a culture that is slowly being integrated into the dominant culture. If this group follows what Barth has laid out in order to maintain boundaries then Black masculinity will be able to be whomever they want within the dominant culture. REFERENCES Alexander, C. The Art of Being Black. 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D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1987. Staples, R. Black Masculinity: The Black Male’s Role in American Society. San Francisco: The Black Scholar Press, 1982. Wiegman, R. Feminism, ‘The Boyz’ and Other Matters Regarding the Male: Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in Hollywood Cinema. London: Routledge,1993. Wilikinson, D. Y. Expectations and Salience in White Female – African Male Self-Other Role Definitions. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977.