Women s Reproductive Rights Essay - 1199 Words

Corah Hauser Miss Windish English II 3 October 2017 Women’s Reproductive Rights What if a sixteen year old decided to apply to adopt a child? She’d be denied that from the get-go, right? Of course, she’s way too young, not nearly mature enough, can’t support herself on her own, etc. If all of this is true, then why should a sixteen year old rape victim have to raise a child she didn’t plan for? Even women who aren’t ready to start a family or any other reason, shouldn’t have to. All women deserve true information and the access to safe and legal abortions. The case of Roe v. Wade is basically what started the political side of things. In 1969 a divorced Norma McCorvey was seeking abortion for an unwanted pregnancy. At this time, it†¦show more content†¦This benefitted the US in that it was more available to women in need. The downfall was that it brought about a division in the public. Many states are still restricting the availability of abortion even after this ruling because of how hard the pro-life group is working to overturn it (Bailey 5). Pro-life groups can view abortion as murder. Since the cells of the fetus in the very beginning of the pregnancy are technically living things, they can be considered â€Å"alive.† (Should Abortion be Legal?) While these cells are technically alive, they are still completely dependent on the mother for absolutely everything. The cells couldn’t develop at all if it weren’t in the uterus. â€Å"Human life in its fullest sense includes the ability to exist as a separate being and to be conscious - aware of one’s surroundings and to be able to think, feel, and respond to them.† (Bailey 6) The decision to terminate the pregnancy should be decided well before the point where the fetus could survive outside of the uterus besides in the extreme cases. It’s also argued that everyone can prevent pregnancy. Sure, the only way to really do this is to practice abstinence, but not everyone chooses to do this. Some who are otherwise abstinent can’t control rape. The victim isn’t at fault and should have every right to terminate that unwanted pregnancy. Some who don’t practice abstinence could still be at a disadvantage. With Planned Parenthood centers being shut down and poor sexual educationShow MoreRelatedPro Choice Vs. Abortion1298 Words   |  6 Pagesthe women’s movements started in the early 1970’s, a question sometimes asked is that, if part of the population are so pro-life and worry about protecting a fetus, how come when the child is conceived they suddenly bash at you for having that unwanted child anyways, and that is hypocritical. In this essay, details include would be why people choose to be pro-choice, NARAL Pro-Choice America, the battle for reproductive justice for women and th eir right to make decisions for their body, advocates thatRead MoreThe Second Wave Of Feminism799 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay examines the question, â€Å"To what extent was the second wave of feminism (in the 1960’s and 1970’s) successful in achieving equality for women?† The essay is introduced by describing why the second wave of feminism developed and the aims of this second wave of feminist. The essay is broken into two parts. The first part of the essay discusses the impact of women s rights activist on legislation. It is argued that the second wave feminist were unsuccessful in gaining equality in terms ofRead MoreReproductive Rights as a Historical and Feminist Issue914 Words   |  4 PagesReproductive Rights as a Contemporary and Historical Feminist Issue Essay #1 / Final Exam American Women’s History H. June Laves One of the biggest issues facing women in American society today has been an issue bouncing around in politics for decades: reproductive rights. Women can never have equal opportunity to men without equal opportunity to make their own decisions about their bodies. Reproductive rights for women not only include the right to abort a pregnancy, but it also involvesRead MoreThe Historical Development Of Feminism1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Urban dictionary, feminism is defined as â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. It is the belief that all people are entitled to the same civil rights and liberties and can be intellectual equals regardless of gender. The basic idea of feminism revolves around the principle that biological elements need not dictate intellectual and social functions, capabilities, and rights.† What is the feminist movement? According to Wikipedia, theRead MoreA Brief Note On Women And Women s Rights Violated1692 Words   |  7 PagesWomen In Croatia-Reproductive Rights Violated The country, Croatia, is where the focused group is located. Croatia is located in southeastern central Europe, and has a population of over four million. Croatia wasn’t considered an independent country until 1991. It was under control by different powers throughout history including â€Å"the Hungarians, the Turks, and the Austro-Hungarian Hapsburg dynasty† (â€Å"Croats†). Croatia was a part of groupings when having an upper ruling, and this was part of Croatia’sRead MoreShould Abortion Be Controlled Or Handled?1470 Words   |  6 Pageshandled is a very big topic in the United States. The rates of abortion have grown since the legalization. Whether or not women make the decision to have an abortion can be differentiated by whether its rape related or just because of not wanting the child. Should women be able to have an abortion when they please or are these baby’s tiny humans from the time of contraception? Some women make decisions on if they want to get abortions based on the prices or whether society will judge them based on theirRead MoreEssay1145 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment task 2- Scenario 2 Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections diagnosed among women in the world. There has been increasing concern for alternative method to treat urinary tract infection over antibiotics since misuse of antibiotics can led to bacterial resistance(Scholes et al., 2004). This essay will establish PICO (population, intervention, comparison and outcome) question in the given scenario where a 22 year old Susan visits the GP with symptoms of urinary frequencyRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence By New Zealand1300 Words   |  6 Pagesissue is Intimate partner violence. One of New Zealand’s increasing issues is Intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV is recognized as a major public health threat and a significant social issue. IPV is observed as one of the world’s most serious human rights concerns due to its widespread. As exemplified by New Zealand legislation the Domestic Violence Act 1995 considers IPV to constitute a category of family violence. According t o the Act, IPV involves an individual committing violence against anotherRead MoreBirth Control And Reproductive Rights1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1900 s Margaret Sanger revolutionized the lives of women forever by securing the rights of women to control their own fertility and the rights of a child to be wanted. Today we take birth control for granted and it is indeed a right that we give little or no thought too therefore It is difficult to imagine Sangers struggle to introduce birth control and reproductive rights in the U.S.A as being fraught with controversy and causing her to be pursued as a criminal. The Comstock ActRead MoreEthics Reproductive Technologies. Nicole Hedrick. Baker1371 Words   |  6 PagesEthics Reproductive Technologies Nicole Hedrick Baker College HSC 402A /Dr. Eric Oestmann/Seminar One Position/Argument Essay Abstract There are people around the world trying to have children right now, that cannot and need to use services like reproductive technology to even have the chance of a little one in their future. NRTs are one thing that can help, and it is moving forward with the advancements in technology and science. With this huge advancement in technology and science, many people

Buddhism Buddhist Belief Of The Beginning - 1342 Words

Buddhism Provide your response in this column. According to Buddhist cosmology, â€Å"there are multiple possible states of existence, including hell beings, hungry ghosts, animals, humans, and gods† (Fisher, 2014, p. 148). However, these reincarnations are temporary and flawed because they are trapped in a cycle of samsara (Fisher, 2014, p. 149). Buddhist also teaches that â€Å"the creation of the universe isn’t known. Instead, they teach that when a universe is destroyed, then another will form and take the place of the previous one (Buddhist Belief of the Beginning, n.d.). Buddhist believes â€Å"the pattern of death and rebirth is eternal, and so it is pointless to single out any one beginning† (Buddhist Belief of the Beginning, n.d.). Buddhist Belief of the Beginning. (n.d.). Retrieved July 22, 2016, from http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/buddhist-belief-beginning-3365 Fisher, M. P. (2014). Living Religions (Ninth ed.). Pearson: Upper Saddle River, N.J. Provide your response in this column. Buddhism is a nontheistic (does not believe in god or gods) religion (Fisher, 2014). They believe that there is no particular God who had created the world (Fisher, 2014). Buddha himself is not worshipped as well. â€Å"Buddhism is not centered around the concept of God or an universal supreme being, who is responsible for the creation and dissolution of the world and the existence of sentinel beings† (V, J., 2016). Fisher, M. P. (2014). Living Religions (Ninth ed.). Pearson: Upper SaddleShow MoreRelatedBuddhism, Religion, And Religion1155 Words   |  5 PagesMany wars have been fought based on religion. Countless Disputes, debates, and lives. But, there is one religion that doesn t concern wars, or even violence. Buddhism. 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These experiences have allowed me to stay open-minded and interested to learn about other cultures and ways of life. One particular religion that I did not consider myself well versed with was Buddhism. From my previous encounters with this religion, I had learned that its teachings embody the idea of karma and rebirth. As means to broaden my knowledge and learn more about the religious ideologies and practices behind Buddhism, I spoke with Professor AnnRead Mo reSimilarities Between Buddhism and Christianity814 Words   |  4 Pagesglobalization. It is generally acknowledged that Buddhism and Christianity are ancient and global religions; however, whether the belief in Buddhism is credible or not, has sparked spirited debate. The Christian believes the Buddha is a â€Å"shadow†, and he is not to be believed. Actually, there are some similarities in terms of histories, main figures, and beliefs between Buddhism and Christianity. In order to solve sources of conflict, the Buddhists and the Christians should understand the parallelsRead MoreBuddhism and Christianity1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthough there were unquestionably many fewer Christians than Buddhists in Asia Up until the turn of the sixteenth century Christianity endured great persecution in China and Japan. Christianity became extinct in China and Japan until sixteenth century when European Christian missionaries first came to Asia. Upon meeting Buddhist monks the Christian missionaries realized there seem to be many similarities between Christianity and Buddhism. They noticed many other similarities in doctrine and booksRead More Comparing Buddhism and Christianity Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Buddhism and Christianity In the early sixth century Christianity was evolving at a rapid pace. The spread of Christianity was not only moving westward through Europe, but it was also moving eastward down the Silk Road. 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Academic Goal Essay Example For Students

Academic Goal Essay The Goal in 885 Words Here are the principles behind the dramatic turnaround story in The Goal, in 885 words. Ready? Start counting now: The goal of a manufacturing organization is to make money. Jonah poses this as a question: What is the goal? and Rogo actually struggles with it for a day or two, but any manager or executive that cant answer that question without hesitation should be fired without hesitation. But then again, the goal isnt clear to everyone. One of the characters in the book, an accountant, responds to an offhand comment about the goal with a confused The goal? You mean our objectives for the month? Thats sure to strike a chord with a lot of readers. At an operational level, measure your success toward the goal with these three metrics: Throughput The rate at which the system generates money through sales. Inventory The money that the system has invested in purchasing things which it intends to sell. Operational expense The money the system spends in order to tur n inventory into throughput. You could rephrase it this way and someone does, a bit later in the book: Throughput Goods out; the money coming in. Inventory Materials in; the money currently inside the system. Operational expense Effort in; the money going out. Obviously, your job is to minimize expense and inventory and maximize throughput. Adjust the flow of product to match demand. In particular, dont trim capacity to match demand. Its a standard cost-cutting procedure, sure. But youll need that capacity later, if youre serious about increasing throughput. Find bottlenecks. If manufacturing is whats limiting your throughput, then the problem isnt that people arent working hard enough. You have bottlenecks in your manufacturing processes that are holding up everything else. Find the bottlenecks and do everything you can to fix them. Increase their efficiency, even at the expense of efficiency in non-bottleneck places, because the efficiency of a bottleneck directly determines t he efficiency of the entire process, all the way through final payment. In the book, a variety of steps are taken to elevate and circumvent the bottlenecks. This is where the results start showing up on the bottom line. Soon the plant can actually use information from the bottleneck to do an effective job of scheduling work and (for the first time) reliably predicting when orders will be ready to ship. Dont be afraid to have resources idle. Its better than putting them to work producing excess inventory that you cant sell. Decrease the unit of work. If youve got people idle, you can afford to have them do their work in smaller chunks. Under a cost-accounting model, this hurts their efficiency by removing certain economies of scale. But you have much faster turn-around time. Everyones more flexible. Work flows more smoothly. (Well, this is what the book says.) jorendorff.com ; Articles ; The Goal The Goal A Process Engineering Novel I read Eliyahu M. Goldratts novel The Goal the oth er night, instead of sleeping. The book has two parts. In the first 264 pages, a manufacturing plant manager turns his failing plant into a tremendous success. That part of the book ends with the managers promotion to a position with oversight over several failing plants. In the second part of the book (73 pages), the manager prepares for his new job by trying to deduce a repeatable process of ongoing improvement. Hes trying to make sense of what happened in the first part of the book so hell have half a chance of repeating that success on a greater scale. For now, Ill set aside considerations of why The Goal is a novel, how effective it is as a book, whether it succeeds as literature, and so on. This article is primarily about the ideas behind the book, and why some are valuable while others are probably quite useless. How to Turn Around a Failing Plant The first part of the book is about a manufacturing plant. The protagonist, plant manager Alex Rogo, turns around a failing plant by following the advice of his guru, Jonah, a physicist turned university professor and corporate consultant. The guru is a very busy man, and he casts his pearls sparingly. Rogo plays the tough role of figuring out what they mean (i.e. explaining them to the reader) and putting them in action (i.e. convincing the reader that they could really work). The essence of this first part of the book is found in the gurus occasional pronouncements. I believe The Goals success stands mainly on the strength of these insights. Heres what the guru has to say. (The parts in maroon are direct quotes from the book.) The goal of a manufacturing organization is to make money. At an operational level, measure your success toward the goal with these three metrics: Throughput The rate at which the system generates money through sales. Inventory The money that the system has invested in purchasing things which it intends to sell. Operational expense The money the system spends in order to turn invent ory into throughput. Adjust the flow of product to match demand. Find bottlenecks. Dont be afraid to have resources idle. Decrease the unit of work. Thats it. The Goal in 87 words. (If you prefer to have The Goal in 885 words, read this more expanded summary.) In just two words, The Goal would be summarized like this: product flow. The plant management approach advocated by the book is based on a fundamentally new way of looking at the problem: think of your plant as a machine through which product flows. Your job is to overhaul the machine to maximize its throughput, minimize the buildup of pressure (inventory) within it, and minimize the cost (operational expense) of running it. In short, or so I gather, all of this is a scathing indictment of, and alternative to, the cost accounting method of measuring plant efficiency and success. It sounds dead-on to me, although this isnt my field. The portrayal of cost accounting given by the book is probably a bit of a straw man. But thats p ar for the course. How to Solve Problems in Management After the plant becomes tremendously profitable and there are promotions all around, something a bit extraordinary happens. Rogo and his crew decide to look back over the successes of the first part of the book and see if they can figure out why it succeeded?and whether it can be repeated. Eventually they distill it down to this (written on a whiteboard): Identify the systems constraint(s). Decide how to exploit the systems constraint(s). Subordinate everything else to the above decision. Elevate the systems constraint(s). Warning!!!! If in the previous steps a constraint has been broken, go back to step 1, but do not allow inertia to cause a systems constraint. A constraint is the generalization of a bottleneck. It might not always be a manufacturing bottleneck. Sometimes the constraint is weak demand, or some other unrelated problem. Im an engineer by training, and this reminds me of something. I hope you dont mind if I go off on a huge tangent, because thats what Im about to do. The Scientific Method In grade school, I was taught that theres a single scientific method that is followed in all scientific research. I had quizzes where I had to write down the scientific method verbatim, as it was in the textbook. It was as though it mattered that the scientific method was exactly six steps, although in a few years the school would get new textbooks and suddenly there would be only four steps. Different formulations of the scientific method would emphasize different parts of the process. Heres one formulation I just grabbed from a Web site: Observe a phenomenon. Hypothesize an explanation for the phenomenon. Predict some measurable consequence that your hypothesis would have, if it turned out to be true. Test your predictions experimentally. Heres another one: Purpose Determine what you want to learn. Research Find out as much as you can about the subject. Hypothesis Make an educated guess at the answer t o the problem. Experiment Test your hypothesis. Analysis Record and consider the results of the experiment. Conclusion Determine whether your hypothesis is correct. Report your results so that others can benefit from your work. The first formulation seems to be written from a scientists rather abstract point of view. The second is more oriented toward grade school or high school students. But the essence of the scientific method is one step: experiment. People are always observing weird phenomena and then speculating about what causes them, coming up with new off-the-wall explanations. It comes naturally. What doesnt come naturally is finding ways to rigorously test those explanations to see if theyre actually worth anything. Thats what the scientific method does. By experiment alone, science ruthlessly divides the wheat from the chaff, the potentially true from the provably false. No other step of the processes listed above is really fundamental. Experiment is the scientific met hod. The Seven-Step Problem-Solving Paradigm Once I got out of grade school, I thought I had left behind the rather pedantic insistence on specific steps of the scientific method. Then, at university, I took a class from the dean of the physics department. He insisted that every problem on every test be solved according to the seven-step problem-solving paradigm. I want to and I can. Define the situation. State the objective. Explore the options. Plan your method of attack. Solve the problem. Look back. The irony of a problem-solving process in which one of the steps is Solve the problem was not lost on me. But thats not why the seven-step problem-solving paradigm is stupid. Over the course of my college career, there was not one problem that I solved because I applied the seven-step paradigm. It therefore had no value to me. I had my own paradigm, which was much more direct. Here it is, with the benefit of hindsight. For easy problems: Read the problem. Write down the answer. For h arder problems: Understand the problem. Figure out the solution. After I manage to crack the problem in my head, finish writing down whatever is needed to get credit for it. This worked fine. There are two problems with the seven-step paradigm. First, its largely unnecessary. In most cases, most of the steps can be dropped. So Occams Razor hacks it to bits. Second, and more damning, is that the paradigm doesnt model the way people really think. Figuring things out is an unstructured activity. You bring all your experience and knowledge to bear, you look at the problem from several angles, you draw some diagrams, and you think you see an approach. So you try it. And it doesnt work. Or it starts to get really involved and you think, Surely this isnt what the professor intended me to do. So you start over. In my experience, this is the most effective way to attack small problems. iD5? I graduated and got a job as an engineer with a software consulting company. Astoundingly, this compan y had a five-step project paradigm. In this case, however, it served a purpose: to separate our clients from their money. (Arguably, the company had its eyes on the goal.) The paradigm was called the iD5 methodology. I dont remember what the i stood for?probably the name of the company?but here are the 5 Ds. Discover Define Design Develop Deploy This was purely a marketing tool. There was nothing behind these five words. But unfortunately, they did have an impact. The problem is that the real process of software engineering is iterative by nature. You must deploy something simple very early, or you risk spending too much effort on something your customer doesnt want. But by the time any engineer came in contact with a client, the client had already been sold on our companys magical iD5 methodology. So the engineers hands were tied. Today, the successor to that company has a new methodology, called by a different name, with three phases: Conceive, Architect, Engineer. To me, it seems this is better, inasmuch as its even more vague and therefore less constraining. The Point of It All My point with all these examples is that general problem-solving paradigms are 90% fraud. Its great to have an organized mind, but following some kind of vague process by rote doesnt help anyone keep things straight. Still, in some cases theres a kernel of something important at the heart of the process. Lets return to the whiteboard in The Goal: Identify the systems constraint(s). Decide how to exploit the systems constraint(s). Subordinate everything else to the above decision. Elevate the systems constraint(s). Warning!!!! If in the previous steps a constraint has been broken, go back to step 1, but do not allow inertia to cause a systems constraint. Is there anything important here? Whats the bottom line? This boils down to: Find the problems. Fix the problems. Make sure you dont create other problems. It seems to me theres no special insight here after all. But that doesnt mean there arent broader lessons to be learned from the first half of The Goal. Its just that Rogo and his team didnt find the lessons that most readers really need to learn. And since Im so smart, heres what I think those lessons are. Keep the goal in mind. In The Goal, starting over from the first principle yielded a lot of surprising results. Question your systems and your metrics. If your metrics look great but youre not profitable, youre measuring the wrong things. Aggressively hunt down and identify your problems. Stay focused. If you have a lot of problems, maybe theres a common root cause. Dont settle for treating the symptoms: cure the disease. In the book, Rogo doesnt really understand the problems at all until Jonah points them out, and several times during the book the team at first fails to make some key distinction about what the problem really is. Once youve found the real problem, aggressively pursue every solution possible. The idea is that youve found a block thats pre venting you from reaching your goal. Have the courage of your convictions. Question everything again after youve fixed it. You have a chance to foresee the next problem. Rogos team misses this chance once or twice, and Rogo kicks himself for it later. (Something else remarkable happened in The Goal. Success bred on success. Rogos courage in re-evaluating everything, discarding the old rules, and taking action empowered the rest of his team. It started them thinking. Each time one problem was solved, it gave somebody on the team an idea for how things could be improved further. They started showing the initiative to pursue ideas that they would otherwise have dropped and forgotten. I think this really happens in business. Leadership makes a difference.) The general lessons of The Goal are about coping with new ideas, staying focused, questioning everything, and boldly addressing problems. By the end of the book, Rogo has internalized these lessons. But they are never presented as a w hole to the reader. The Goal as a Book Ill add a few last comments about The Goal as a novel and why it was framed this way. The Goal is extremely readable. Its all written in the present tense, using small words and a conversational tone. Theres a harmless little subplot involving Rogos disintegrating family life, which provides a nice change of pace once in a while. (Goldratt vaguely implies that the theory of constraints can be effectively used in ones home life, but the book doesnt really pursue it.) The characters are bland but likeable. Goldratt mentions in a preface to the second edition of The Goal that he believes a persons own thought processes are the best teacher. To that end, he uses something like the Socratic method in his novel. But unlike Platos Socratic dialogues, in which the hapless victim is overwhelmed by the dizzying force and speed of Socrates penetrating lines of questioning, Goldratt has Jonah ask a question and then abandon Rogo to struggle through to the answer on his own. Rogo puts the pieces together very slowly, so an astute reader will suspect many of the answers before Rogo discovers them. This is an interesting teaching method. I think it is probably quite effective. Nonetheless, I would have preferred The Goal as an 18-page white paper. So why was The Goal a novel? Bottom line: its easy to sell ideas in novel form. There were already a dozen essays or articles on manufacturing management paradigms; you couldnt sell those. Novels sell better than essays. Theyre more readable. Once you realize that managers will buy thousands of copies of a business novel and make it required reading for their subordinates, a novel is the only way to go. (Also, The Goal was originally intended as marketing for Goldratts plant management software company.) My main objection to The Goal is that its fiction. Rogo makes a few changes, and his problems miraculously go away. It just works. Granted, the policies seem like good sense. But the unrealist ic points are glossed over. Maybe plant managers in real life have the authority to adopt dramatic changes in the way they operate, the way Rogo did. Maybe its easy to convince your top accountant that all his models are wrong, even though you have no accounting experience yourself. Maybe the average plant has an IT department that can create new scheduling software out of thin air in a few days. Maybe not. Goldratt claims a lot of real-life plant managers say theyve turned The Goal into a documentary. 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To what extent does the language we speak influence the way we perceive the world free essay sample

The most interesting question in linguistic is whether and how language affects the way we remember things and the way we perceive the world and this idea was first introduced by the influential linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf (Harley, 2008). Statements, attempting to illustrate that language is the medium by which one views the world, culture, reality and thought have aroused an intense desire in not only scholars but also for non-scholars to validate of disprove this hypothesis. Most researchers today currently argue one of the following three positions in relation to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis or Linguistic Relativity: language heavily influences thought, language does not influence thought or language partially influences thought. This essay will intend to focus on those three positions and argue that the language we speak partly influence the way we perceive the world, but language does not regulate realism. Benjamin Whorf, like Sapir studied Native American languages. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent does the language we speak influence the way we perceive the world? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whorf sites several examples form the Native American language, Hopi, to support his hypothesis that thought is strongly based on language. According to Whorf the Hopi language does not contain any words, grammatical constructions or expressions that refer to the English concept of â€Å"time†. Whorf goes on to explain that it is possible in the Hopi language to express the world or reality in ways other than what many languages refer to as â€Å"time†. The Hopi view of reality is specific to the language and can only be best expressed if one is familiar with the language (Carroll, 1956, p. 57). In this example where Whorf feels language strongly influences thought, he is often criticized with circularity because he infers cognitive differences between two speakers from an examination of their respective languages. His proof of cognitive differences is only based on reiteration of the linguistic differences (Harre, 1990, p. 5). A common argument for the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the perception of colour across languages. According to the hypothesis, if one language categorizes colour differently than another language, then the different groups should perceive it differently also. In a study done in the 1970’s a group of researchers studied the difference in perception of colour in English compared with a small tribe from Papua New Guinea called Berinmo. The Berinmo were given a sample of 160 different colours and asked to categorize them. The Berinmo not only had less categories, they did not differentiate between the English colours blue and green, however, they did draw a category between colours in their language â€Å"nol† and â€Å"wor† which in English would both be perceived in the category of yellow. The researchers found that the Berinmo speakers were better at matching colours across their â€Å"nol†, â€Å"wor† categories than across the English blue and green categories and English speakers were better at matching colours across blue and green than across the Berinmo â€Å"nol† and â€Å"wor† (Sawyer, 1999). According to the researchers by showing that the colour perception of the two language groups is dependent on the categorization in the language, the results support the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. There are three main points that researchers use to dispute the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: translatability, differences between linguistic and non-linguistic events and universals. Translatability is a common argument scholars use against the hypothesis, for although language may differ considerably in the way they express certain details, it is still quite possible to translate those details from one language to another (Harley, 2008). The argument made by Eric Lenneberg against the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is that linguistic and non-linguistic events must be separately observed and described before they can be correlated (Carroll, 1956, p. 28). He argues that there is no way to define language as influencing thought when there is no distinction between these two events and that the evidence which supports language as influencing thought is based purely on linguistic differences. The third argument that gives evidence against language influencing thought is the concept of universals. According to Harley (2008), in examining this thought in relation to linguistic relativity all cultures would be related and have similar realities which is in deep contrast with Whorf’s ideas that all cultures see the world differently because of their language. The writings of Sapir and Whorf brought about a huge change in the way scholars view language and thought. Researchers scurried to find evidence that would give the hypothesis validity. Although the research is easy to formulate, the problem lies in finding a set of variables that accurately test the hypothesis. Most researchers up to this time have found it hard to conclude that language determines thought, however through examples from Whorf’s studies in Hopi and other observations from researchers it is valid to suggest that language does partially determine thought. In determining linguistic relativity the question is not whether a language affects ones thoughts but to what degree (Wierzbicka, 1992, p. 7). Many examples are given to support a weak interpretation of linguistic relativity. One experiment done by Linda Rogers gives evidence to support a weak interpretation. Rogers read a story to a group of bilingual children while recording their brain-wave patterns. She first read the story in English while observing that the children’s brains were active in the left hemisphere and then read the story in Navaho and observed their brain activity in the right hemisphere. This according to Rogers gave evidence to the fact that English as a noun-cantered language was processed in the left side of the brain and the Navaho as a verb-cantered language was processed in the right side of the brain. This gave evidence to the fact that although the same story was told to the same children they processed the story differently according to which language it was told in (Gill, 1997, p. 140). Another example is a study contrasting Japanese and English passive constructions done by Agnes Niyekawa-Howard in 1968. The study explains that Japanese has two types of passive constructions in which when one is combined with the other the meaning changes so that the subject of the sentence was caused to take the action that is found in the verb. In translating stories from Japanese to English this construction was not seen, however, in the translation from English to Japanese the Japanese translators included this construction. Similarly when asked to interpret cartoons that dealt with interpersonal conflict, the Japanese were found to attribute responsibility for the negative outcome to others more than did the English. The study’s purpose was to show that although not consciously seen by native Japanese, this construction of grammar contributes to a perceptual habit or cultural outlook in the Japanese culture (Salzmann, 1993, p. 163). In conclusion, language and society are intertwined that it is impossible to understand one without the other. There is no human society that does not depend on, is not shaped by, and does not itself shape language (Chaika, 1989, p. 2). This statement best defines the relationship between language, thought and reality for language not only shapes the way reality is perceived but reality can also shape language. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has changed the way many people look at language. It has influenced many scholars and opened up large areas of study. While many like Sapir and Whorf support the notion that language strongly influences thought and others argue that language does not influence thought, the evidence from research indicates that language does influence thought and perception of reality but language does not govern thought or reality. (1237 words)